Dorothy Johnson Essay

Nursing is the protection, promotion, and optimization of health and abilities, prevention of illness and injury, alleviation of suffering with the diagnosis and treatment of human response, and advocacy in the c are of individuals, families, communities, and populations ( otherwise). Dorothy E. Johnson was a nursing theorist, who was born terrific 21, 1919, in Savanna, Georgia. She has had an influence on her nursing through her publications since the 1950s. Throughout her career, Johnson has stressed the importance of research-based acquaintance most the effect of nursing care on clients. This led to The Johnson Behavioral System Model, in which she came up with in 1980. Nursing theories are used to describe, develop, disseminate, and use present knowledge in nursing. Johnson was an early fan of nursing as a recognition as well as an art. From the beginning, Johnson proposed that the knowledge of the science of nursing was undeniable for effective nursing care. In 1961, Joh nson proposed that nursing care facilitated the clients fear of a convey of equilibrium.Furthermore, Johnson proposed that clients were stressed by a stimulus of either an internal or external nature. These stressful stimuli created such disturbances, or tensions, in the patient that a state of disequilibrium occurred. Johnson identified two areas of nursing care that should be based on in order to picture the client to a state of equilibrium. First, by cut back stressful stimuli, and second, by supporting natural and adaptive processes. Johnsons behavioral system theory springs from Nightingales tactual sensation that nursings goal is to alleviate individuals prevent or recover from disease or injury. The science and art of nursing should focus on the patient as an individual and not on the particular disease. Johnson used the work of behavioral scientists in psychology, sociology, and ethnology to develop her theory.Moreover, Johnson states that nurses should use the beha vioral system as their knowledge base comparable to the biological system that physicians use as their base of knowledge (Lobo, 1995). The reason Johnson chose the behavioral system model is the idea that all the patterned,repetitive,purposeful ways of behaving that characterize individually souls life make up an organized and integrated whole, or a system(other). Johnson states that by categorizing behaviors, they post be predicted and ordered. Johnson categorized all human behavior into seven subsystems(SSs) shackle,Achievement, rough, Dependence, intimate, Ingestive, and Eliminative. Each subsystem is composed of a fix up of behavioral responses or tendencies that share a common goal. These responses are developed through experience and knowledge and are determined by numerous physical, biological, psychological, and social factors. Four assumptions are made about the anatomical structure and function of each SS. These four assumptions are thestructural elements common to each of the seven SSs.The first assumption is from the form of the behavior it takes and the consequences it achieves and can be inferred to what drive that has been stimulated or what goal is being seek (Johnson, 1980). The ultimate goal for each subsystem is expected to be the same for all individuals. The second assumption is that each individual has a predisposition to act, with reference to the goal, in certain ways quite an than in other ways (Johnson, 1980). This predisposition to act is labeled set by Johnson. The third assumption is that each subsystem has forthcoming choices or scope of action alternatives from which choices can be made. The fourth assumption about the behavioral subsystem is that they evoke observable outcomes-that is, the individuals behavior (Johnson, 1980).The observable behaviors allow an outsider to note the actions the individual is taking to reach a goal related to a specified SS.In addition, each of the SSs has three functional requirements. First, each subsystem must be protected from noxious influences with which the system cannot cope (Johnson, 1980). Second, each subsystem must be nurtured through the input of appropriate supplies from the environment. Finally each subsystem must be stimulated for use to enhance harvest and prevent stagnation. As long as the SSs are meeting these requirements, the system and the SSs are viewed as self- concording and self- perpetuating. The internal and external environments of the system need to remain orderly and predictable for the system to maintain homeostasis. The interrelationshipsof the structural elements of the subsystem to maintain a proportion that is adaptive to that individuals needs.Johnsons Behavioral Subsystems, The Attachment subsystem is probably the most critical, because it forms the basis for all social organization. It provides survival and security. Its consequences are social inclusion, intimacy, and formation and maintenance of a strong social bond. The A chievement subsystem attempts to manipulate the environment. Its function is control or mastery of an opinion of self or environment to some standard of excellence. Areas of achievement behavior include intellectual, physical, creative, mechanical, and social skills.The Aggressive subsystem function is protection and preservation. It holds that aggressive behavior is not only learned, save has a primary disembodied spirit to harm others. However, society has placed limits when dealing with self-protection and that people and their property be respected and protected. The colony subsystem promotes helping behavior that calls for a nurturing response. Its consequences are approval, attention or recognition, and physical assistance. Ultimately, dependency behavior develops from the pad reliance on others for certain resources essential for survival. An imbalance in a behavioral subsystem produces tension, which results in disequilibrium.The Sexual subsystem has the dual functions of procreation and gratification. It begins with the development of gender mapping identity and includes the broad range of sex role behaviors (Johnson, 1980).When there is an alteration in the equilibrium that exists, Johnsons Model tends to diagnose to a subsystem rather than a specific problem. Johnsons Model states that it is at this point when the nurse is needed in order to return the client to homeostasis (Conner et al., 1994). Nursing activities are a balance of medicine, not dependent on it. A psyche is viewed as a behavioral system with patterned, repetitive, and purposeful ways of behaving that link him to the environment (Johnson,1980). A person is a system of interdependent parts that requires some regularity and adjustment to maintain a balance (Johnson, 1980). Health is perceived as an elusive,dynamic state influenced by biological, psychological, and social factors. It focuses on the person rather than the illness (Conner et al., 1994). It consists of all the facto rs that are not part of the individuals behavioral system but that influence the system and the nurse to achieve the health goal for the patient.In conclusion, Johnsons theory could help direct the future of nursing theories, models, research, and education. By focusing on behavioral rather than biology, the theory all the way separates nursing from medicine. But do we need to separate the behavioral from the biological? It can be a huge help and has been proven by Johnson and some of her followers. In order to focus on the holistic idea of nursing, it is important to think of the behavioral and biological together as a whole. We cannot look at one without looking at the other.