Character Analysis Of Prospero Essay -- essays research papers

Prospero, of course, is the play. He is the exiled duke of Milan and the father of Miranda, as well as a powerful magician linguistic rule of a remote island. The play revolves around him. He has more lines than any other character. His presence is felt continuously, even in those scenes in which he does non appear personally. He is the manipulator of the action in the play. The sometimes-godlike character is well rounded and full of contradictions, making him a difficult character to evaluate. In his judging, punishing, forgiving, and in many other ways, he is godlike compare to the rest of the characters in the play. Thanks to Ariel, he is also knows everything as well. Like a god, he punishes the guilty, still with grace he shows mercy and gives second chances. After Caliban attempts to rape Miranda, Prospero does not get rid of him. If I were Prospero, I would have a severe periodical payment punishment-plan installed for Caliban. Near the end of the play, after Properso rev eals the conspiracies of all those against him, there is no harsh punishment as one would imagine. He basically just demands repentance. pity is one of the themes in this play, and here Prospero demonstrates it. Even though Caliban conspires with Stephano and Trinculo to kill him, he refrains from punishing Caliban (&8220Go, sirrah, to my cell/Take with you your companions. As you look/To have my pardon, trim it handsomely. 5.ii.291-293).  ...

Full Swing into the Revolution: The Uprisings of 1968 :: Free Essays Online

Full Swing into the transition The Uprisings of 1968 The year of 1968 proved an eventful one throughout the world it witnessed the culmination of antagonism and dissatisfaction of oppressed great deal everywhere, and their posterior retaliation against that oppression. A common element of rebellion in cities around the world was its incitement against authority the target of rebellion was power power everywhere people and power over nations, power exercised on the international plane by great imperial states, by governments indoors nations, or by people in positions of dominance over the powerless under them. (Daniels, 5) In Paris students rose to rebel against school authority, and were later joined by a functional class exploited by new government regulation of trade union leadership. In Peking, youth retaliated against Chinas bureaucratic government. In San Francisco a hippie counterculture expressed defiance in myriad ways, exhibiting their disagreement to the power autho rity expressed over them. In Chicago, youth protested the countrys affair in the Vietnam War. And in Memphis and Washington D.C., the fight for equality was one waged by African Americans, tired and enraged by their inferior status in American society. The unifying factor in each rebellion, begun for their individual causes and grievances, was the plea for equality against some dominating power (structure). Robert V. Daniels, in Year of the Heroic Guerrilla, called the events of 1968 revolutionary. His definition Revolutions essence is a turnabout, whether temporary or permanent, in the basic values that hold a society or a significant portion of society together and legitimize its character. (9) Evaluating this definition, one must analyze to what extent each of the aforementioned rebellions resulted in some type of turnabout in the societies within which they existed.Rebellion of a largely student and working class population in Paris caused great changes in the values and senti ments of French society, evidenced by the wave of horror and shock the public experienced upon news of the riots. Daniels alleges that changes through these societies were temporary, and characterized by the quick collapse of all these movements of defiance, seemingly so deeply grow in the character of modern or modernizing society. This year of revolutionary spectaculars actually represented not the upsurge of discontent but rather the peak and downturn of the process. (241) Furthermore, Daniels specifically speaks of the events in Paris, where the violent acts of the radical minority only prompted reaction and repression by the conservative majority.

Sun Also Rises Essay -- essays research papers

The Sun Also Rises     The novel starts out when Jake Barnes, Frances Coyne, and Robert Cohn are dining together. Jake suggests that he and Cohn go to Strasbourg together, because he knows a girl there who can show them around. Frances kicks him under the table several clippings before Jake gets her hint. After dinner, Robert follows Cohn to ask wherefore he mentioned the girl. He tells Robert that he cant take any trip that involves seeing any girls.     Robert gains a new confidence when he returns from a trip to New York where the critics praised his first novel. Women threw themselves at him, and he also won several hundred dollars playing bridge with his New York connections. He has also been seized with a desire to go to South America. He feels that he is not living his life to the fullest, and he unsuccessfully tries to persuade Jake to go with him, offering to pay for everything. Jake tells him that whole bull-fighters live their li ves to the fullest. But Jake just tells him that he cant escape his misery by moving from one place to another.     While sitting solely in a cafe later that evening, Jake catches the eye of a pretty girl named Georgette. Jake thinks it would be nice to have dinner with someone, so they take a cab to find a restaurant. Georgette makes a pass at him, and Jake explains that he got a wound in the struggle that makes it impossible for him to have sex. They agree that the war was a horrible thing, and that it never should have been fought.     When they get to the restaurant, some of Jakes friends see him and invite him to a dancing-club with Georgette. Lady Brett Ashley arrives with a group of men that are exhausting jerseys. Cohn asks Jake to have a drink, and Brett joins them. Cohn immediately becomes infatuated with her, and tries unsuccessfully to persuade her to dance with him.But Jake and Brett end up leaving the club together. Once they g et into a taxi, Brett tells Jake that she is miserable. Jake kisses her, however she tells him to stop. They love one another, but Brett wont have a romantic relationship because Jake cant have sex. They go to a cafe to drink. When they get there, they meet some acquaintances, and get introduced to Count Mippipopolous. Jake leaves to return home for the ... ...ean de Luz to drop Mike off. Jake says good-bye to Bill at the train put up in Bayonne. Then Jake takes a train to San Sebastian. Not long after he gets there, he gets two telegrams, one forwarded from Paris and one forwarded from Pamplona. They are both(prenominal) from Brett. She wants him to come to Hotel Montana in Madrid because shes in trouble.     When Jake gets to Madrid, Brett greets him with a kiss. She called Jake because she was not sure if she could make Pedro go away, and she did not have money to leave. Pedro offered her money, but she would not take it. He wanted to marry her, so she wou ld not leave him. She left Pedro because she did not want to ruin him. She wants to go back to Mike. Brett and Jake go to a bar and have several martinis before having dinner in a nice restaurant with several bottles of wine. She begs Jake not to get drunk. She assures him that he volition be all right. They get a taxi to drive around town. Jake puts his arm around her, and Brett says, "Oh Jake, we could have had such a damned good time together." Jake replies, "Yes, isnt it pretty to think so?" And thats how the book ends.

A Comparison of Love According to Browning, Dickinson, Shakespeare and Harris :: Comparison Compare Contrast Essays

Love According to Browning, Dickinson, Shakespeare and HarrisMen and women are very different creatures. We express our emotions differently. Women are typic completelyy ready to marry, lessen down and take hold children much earlier than men. Men tend to want to experience vitality before settling. Yet, there is one thing we have in common. In relationships, men and women want to be loved for the person they are and for the rest of their lives. When people begin dating, they are usually playing the field. Few have a strategy for finding their life mate. It is something that happens over time and as you continue to see that person and get to know them, a bond builds that is not easily broken. This is demonstrated in Wild Nights - Wild Nights By Emily Dickinson. Futile - the winds-/ to a heart in port-/ Done with the compass/ Done with the chart (line 5-8). No matter how hard outside forces try to tempt you away, you are finished searching for your true love. You have found it a nd are holding fast. We are all initially searching for romantic love that will hold fast through a lifetime. Romantic love is defined as love that is unrealistic, fantastic, fanatical and fabulous. In Beginning of the Songs of Delight, Papyrus Harris 500 demonstrates fanciful love through apportioned to you is my heart,/ I do for you what it desires,/ when I am in your weaponry (lines 1-3). In Shakespeares Othello, the Moor and Desdemona declare their love for one another, at the protest of her father and the disbelief of the councilmen (Act I, scene iii). Their romantic love was unrealistic because of their age difference, and fanciful because she was intrigued by the stories of heroism and daring that he imparted to her. Passionate love is, by definition, ruled by intense emotion and marked by intense feelings as is expressed in My body thrives, my heart exults/ At our walking together/ Hearing your voice is pomegranate wine,/ I live by hearing it./ for each one look wit h which you look at me/Sustains me more than food and drink (lines 24-29). Love such as this can sustain us through all the joys and challenges life has to offer if it is without condition. Unconditional love endures over time. But love me for loves sake, that evermore/ thou mayst love on, through loves eternity (Browning, 260), speaks of love that is grounded in love wholly and will last all forever.

One Life to Live (soap opera) :: essays research papers

ace disembodied spirit to Live is a soap opera broadcasted on the ABC channel on the weekdays. I started to anticipate this try out when I was a sophomore in high school, and when I used to come home from school, my mom would be observance it. That is how I got addicted to it. The floor takes place in a town called Llanview. One Life to Live appeals to many mantraps because the expose keeps the viewers temporary removal onto the successions neighboring scene. The viewers know that if they watch the last scenes of one episode, then, the next day, the story may change or something unexpected competency happen. This is how the viewer gets attached to the show. For example, a couple of weeks ago, one of the last scenes was with Jen with a pregnancy try on in her hand. If people watched the show the next day, the pregnancy test was non hers. It was her commences. Her mother had also taken a pregnancy test the same day and had switched the tests on her. Then, the scene was cut with a commercial. The story was that her mother was pregnant, not Jen. This catches viewers to watch the show the next day because then, they want to know why her mother would do such a thing. The next day, the show is done the same way with the last scenes. There would be a scene that is cut off so that the viewers have to watch it over again just to find out what happens the next day.Another way that keeps the viewers watching One Life to Live is how they never know who is way out to be broadcasted the next day. There argon so many characters that it is unlikely for all of them to be on each episode. For example, Todd, Blair, and sense experience are one family. Todd and Blair are the parents of their ten-year ageing Star. One day, the three of them might be broadcasted together in the same episode. The next day, Todd might be on an excursion throughout the show whereas Blair and Star are not even viewed. This is what occurs with almost all the characters. So viewers get attached to see who will be viewed the next day.One Life to Live also appeals to the viewers because of how the characters all relate to one another and some of the characters do not even know that they are relate to person else somehow.One Life to Live (soap opera) essays research papers One Life to Live is a soap opera broadcasted on the ABC channel on the weekdays. I started to watch this show when I was a sophomore in high school, and when I used to come home from school, my mom would be watching it. That is how I got addicted to it. The story takes place in a town called Llanview. One Life to Live appeals to many viewers because the show keeps the viewers hanging onto the episodes next scene. The viewers know that if they watch the last scenes of one episode, then, the next day, the story may change or something unexpected might happen. This is how the viewer gets attached to the show. For example, a couple of weeks ago, one of the last scenes was with Jen with a pregnancy test in her hand. If people watched the show the next day, the pregnancy test was not hers. It was her mothers. Her mother had also taken a pregnancy test the same day and had switched the tests on her. Then, the scene was cut with a commercial. The story was that her mother was pregnant, not Jen. This catches viewers to watch the show the next day because then, they want to know why her mother would do such a thing. The next day, the show is done the same way with the last scenes. There would be a scene that is cut off so that the viewers have to watch it again just to find out what happens the next day.Another way that keeps the viewers watching One Life to Live is how they never know who is going to be broadcasted the next day. There are so many characters that it is unlikely for all of them to be on each episode. For example, Todd, Blair, and Star are one family. Todd and Blair are the parents of their ten-year old Star. One day, the three of them might be broadcasted together in the same episode. The next day, Todd might be on an excursion throughout the show whereas Blair and Star are not even viewed. This is what occurs with almost all the characters. So viewers get attached to see who will be viewed the next day.One Life to Live also appeals to the viewers because of how the characters all relate to one another and some of the characters do not even know that they are related to someone else somehow.

One Life to Live (soap opera) :: essays research papers

hotshot liveness to Live is a soap opera broadcasted on the ABC channel on the weekdays. I started to observation post this taper when I was a sophomore in high school, and when I used to come home from school, my mom would be observation it. That is how I got addicted to it. The apologue takes place in a town called Llanview. One Life to Live appeals to many viewers because the tape keeps the viewers pause onto the chronological sequences abutting scene. The viewers know that if they watch the last scenes of one episode, then, the next day, the story may change or something unexpected business leader happen. This is how the viewer gets attached to the show. For example, a couple of weeks ago, one of the last scenes was with Jen with a pregnancy tryout in her hand. If people watched the show the next day, the pregnancy test was not hers. It was her set outs. Her mother had also taken a pregnancy test the same day and had switched the tests on her. Then, the scene was cu t with a commercial. The story was that her mother was pregnant, not Jen. This catches viewers to watch the show the next day because then, they want to know why her mother would do such a thing. The next day, the show is done the same way with the last scenes. There would be a scene that is cut off so that the viewers have to watch it again just to find out what happens the next day.Another way that keeps the viewers watching One Life to Live is how they never know who is outlet to be broadcasted the next day. There ar so many characters that it is unlikely for all of them to be on each episode. For example, Todd, Blair, and booster are one family. Todd and Blair are the parents of their ten-year onetime(a) Star. One day, the three of them might be broadcasted together in the same episode. The next day, Todd might be on an excursion throughout the show whereas Blair and Star are not even viewed. This is what occurs with almost all the characters. So viewers get attached to see who will be viewed the next day.One Life to Live also appeals to the viewers because of how the characters all relate to one another and some of the characters do not even know that they are related to to person else somehow.One Life to Live (soap opera) essays research papers One Life to Live is a soap opera broadcasted on the ABC channel on the weekdays. I started to watch this show when I was a sophomore in high school, and when I used to come home from school, my mom would be watching it. That is how I got addicted to it. The story takes place in a town called Llanview. One Life to Live appeals to many viewers because the show keeps the viewers hanging onto the episodes next scene. The viewers know that if they watch the last scenes of one episode, then, the next day, the story may change or something unexpected might happen. This is how the viewer gets attached to the show. For example, a couple of weeks ago, one of the last scenes was with Jen with a pregnancy test in he r hand. If people watched the show the next day, the pregnancy test was not hers. It was her mothers. Her mother had also taken a pregnancy test the same day and had switched the tests on her. Then, the scene was cut with a commercial. The story was that her mother was pregnant, not Jen. This catches viewers to watch the show the next day because then, they want to know why her mother would do such a thing. The next day, the show is done the same way with the last scenes. There would be a scene that is cut off so that the viewers have to watch it again just to find out what happens the next day.Another way that keeps the viewers watching One Life to Live is how they never know who is going to be broadcasted the next day. There are so many characters that it is unlikely for all of them to be on each episode. For example, Todd, Blair, and Star are one family. Todd and Blair are the parents of their ten-year old Star. One day, the three of them might be broadcasted together in the same episode. The next day, Todd might be on an excursion throughout the show whereas Blair and Star are not even viewed. This is what occurs with almost all the characters. So viewers get attached to see who will be viewed the next day.One Life to Live also appeals to the viewers because of how the characters all relate to one another and some of the characters do not even know that they are related to someone else somehow.

Participant Observation and Grand Theory Essay

Bronislaw Malinowski, with his ground-breaking theater of operations work of the Trobriand Islander community in the beginning of the 20th century still today counts as a pioneer, if non the founder of the British Social Anthropology. In his famous book Argonauts of the Western Pacific. An Account of Native Enterprise and Adventure in the Archipelagos of Melanesian sassy Guinea that was first published in 1922 he develops an elaborate systemological framework for ethnographical research, also kn knowledge as participant observation.This method provide highly influence the anthropological way of go oning its field of study and hence its theoretical landscape from then on. Looking at Malinowskis description of the kin free radical system of the Trobriand community, his descriptive and specifying style of formulation becomes app bent Each of the four clans has its own name Malasi, Lukuba, Lukwasisiga, Lukulabuta. () There are special combinations of the clan names with formative roots, to descrive men and women and the mixed plurality belonging to the same clan Tomalasi a Malasi man Immalasi a Malasi women Memalasi the Malasi people ().Near the village of LabaI, on the northern shore of the main island, there is a spot called Obukula, which is marked by a coral outcrop. Obukula is, in fact, a hole (dubwadebula), or plate (bwala) that is to say, one of the points from which the first ancestors of the linage emerged. (Malinowski 1929 496 f. , italics in original) This very nuanced and case specific example of the material gained from his methodological approach gives rise to the question if Malinowskis inheritance of participant observation has forever distanced Anthropology from bringing forward overbearing theories?To be able to consider and discuss this question, it is important to first define what Malinowski circumscribed when he laid out his dogma for ethnographical research by the term participant observation. Secondly, a nighr inspection of th e dictum grand guess is subjective for our purpose and will be clarified in the second section of this essay. Subsequently, we will look at these two concepts and their relationship to one another in section three in order to approach the question whether Anthropology atomic number 50 be viewed as a light able to producegrand theories. I. participant observation In the foreword to Argonauts of the Western Pacific Malinowski states that he has lived in that Trobriand Island archipelago for about two years (), during which time he naturally acquired a thorough cognition of the language. He did his work entirely alone, living for the greater part of the time right in the village. (1966 xvi). This statement already contains the essence of participant observation in fieldwork.The certification of this methodological way of collecting data is the immersion of the tec into her or his field of study over a long period of time and the personal part taking in the interactions of the pe ople in the community studied. When Malinowski defined this new approach of first-hand observation he broke with the, at that time normal tradition of armchair ethnography. In this prior approach, ethnographers compiled data gained from historical sources to deduce theories about certain aspects of a usually native community (Osterhoudt 2010).One of the main contributions of Malinowskis new method to anthropological theory was that by participating and observing behaviour in the sample community he found out that a discrepancy between actual behaviour and narrative statements exists. The smoothness and uniformity, which the mere verbal statement suggest as the only shape of human conduct, disappears with a better knowledge of pagan reality. (Malinowski 1979 83). This discovery in itself already composes a point of criticism towards the preceding ethnographical arm-chair approach to data collection and evaluation. point though participant observation is based on a seemingly broad and intuitive research design, it would, however, be incorrect to assume that this approach would be free of any directive principles on how to collect relevant data.Therefore, Malinowski describes how first, the researcher must possess real scientific aims (Malinowski 1966 6) and be familiar with the theoretical scene of anthropology. Further, the researcher should live in the field among the natives all by herself/ himself, and lastly the researcher has to stick to special and strict scientific methods, such as plan tables of kinship terms, genealogies, maps, plans and diagrams (idib. 1966 10) to collect, prepare and record her/his data.The previous example of the clan system provides a sense of the detailed and case specific information that is obtained by the act of participant observation. Besides the kind of the data collected, it should also be looked at the area of research and Malinowskis suggestion of the subject to be studied. He proposes that the field worker observes human beings acting within an environmental setting, natural and artificial influenced by it, and in turn transforming it in co-operation with each other. (Malinowski 1939 940). Thus, he focuses on the individualistic as a starting point and its relation to, and mutual dependence on a social group. The inquiries of a researcher will hence pick up to include a specific study of the individual, as well as the group within which he has to live and work. (idib. 1939 950). The collective life within that group or society is widely to be seen in certain types of activities, institutions such as the economy, education, or social control and political system in post (idib.1939 954). These institutions, as he points out, can be seen as a fruitful base to investigate the individuals motives and values and they will provide insight into the process by which the individual is conditioned or culturally formed and of the group mechanisms of this process. (idib. 1939 954). II. Grand Theory In the following, the dictum grand theory will be specified and by doing so distinguished into two different tendencies of understanding the concept.Wiarda (2010) defines a grand theory in his book Grand Theories and Ideologies in the Social Sciences as those large, overarching explanations of social and political behaviorliberalism, Marxism, socialism, positivism, corporatism, political culture, institutionalism, psychoanalysis, rational choice theory, environmentalism (Jared Diamond), sociobiology, and now chemistry and geneticsthat give coherence to the social attainments, serve up us to organize and think about change and modernization, and give us models to understand complex behavior. (Wiarda 2010 x)This definition of grand theory as an overarching explanation is in line with Anthony Goods (1996) understanding of a generalizing science that produces universal, descriptive and predictive laws (idib. 1996 34). Here a grand theory is understood as a theorem providing a univers al and structural framework that gives meaning to particular and individual phenomena on the ground. In this process the importance of the local and the contingent, () the extent to which our own concepts and attitudes have been shaped (Skinner 1985 8) builds also a part of the universal framework.The second tendency to conceive the idea of grand theory goes a step kick upstairs and is mainly characterized by C. Wright Mills application of it. He vigorously criticised the concept in his book The Sociological Imagination (1959) The basic cause of grand theory is the initial choice of a level of thinking so general that its practitioners cannot logically get down to observation. They never, as grand theorists, get down from the high generalities to problems in their historical and structural contexts.This absence of a firm sense of genuine problems, in turn, makes for the unreality so noticeable in their pages. (idib. 1959 33) As this reference shows, Mills understanding of a gran d theory goes beyond our first definition. In this second understanding Mills implies that scientists generating grand theories are engrossed in their endeavour to build abstract, normative and all-embracing frameworks and thus neglect the study of the meaning behind their constructs.The individual with its particular values and interpretations, as well as variety on the scale of the actual area of research fall behind. III. Participant Observation and its relation to Grand Theory Taken the just draw creation of grand theory influenced by Mills and putting it in relationship with Malinowskis methodology of participant observation, the answer to our question whether or not Malinowskis heritage barred the way of Anthropology to ever produce grand theories appears unambiguously to be yes.Participant observation in its very nature is close to the individual and aims to explore, over a long period of time, which social and cultural forces influence the human being in a specific setting . Therefore, with regards to Mills conception of grand theory, Anthropology has a birth defect called participant observation that will always prevent it from producing highly abstract grand theories, which stand in no relation to the circumstances from where they were deduced from.A closer look reveals that Malinowskis understanding of the anthropological formation of theory aligns with Mills criticism towards highly abstract grand theories It would be easy to quote works of high repute, and with a scientific hall-mark on them, in which wholesale generalisations are laid down before us, and we are not informed at all by what actual experiences the writers have reached their conclusions.() I consider that only such ethnographic sources are of unquestionable scientific value, in which we can clear-cutly draw the line between, on the one hand, the result of direct observation and of native statements and interpretations and on the other, the inferences of the author, based on his no rmal sense of psychological insight. (Malinowski 1966 3) Here Malinowski differences between two approaches of data processing.One approach leads to mere wholesale generalisations and the other approach also includes the actual experiences the researcher faced on the local level that explain on what assumptions and observations her or his generalizations are based on. He hence supports the notion of Anthropology as a science of producing generalisations, as long as they are comprehensible and in direct relation to the reality on the ground. Malinowskis ethnographies exist to a vast sum of money of descriptive details that are very specific to certain social groups or individual preferences and he has hence often been criticized as an empiricist (see Firth 1957).Also, one could designate that his attempt to put his findings in a neat structured box with columns, as he has done in his article Group and Individual in Functional Analysis (1966) seem rather compelled. Nevertheless, he was able to provide social science with universal and generalizing frameworks on, inter alia, on how social institutions function in relation to society. He states that social institutions have a definite organisation, () they are governed by authority, law and order in their public and personal relations, while the last mentioned are, besides, under the control of extremely complex ties of kinship and clanship. (Malinowski 1966 10). Malinowskis suggestion to use institution as a starting point for social and cultural analysis has produced integrated descriptions instead of loosely classified catalogues of traits, and has stimulated the fuller recording of case material from actual behavior as a addition to the listing of ideal patterns. (Murdock 1943 443). Following Malinowskis ethnographic method and theory construction therefore aims to create a firm framework of the social governance that disentangles the laws and regularities of all cultural phenomena from the irrelevances . (Malinowski 1966 10f. ). His approach is thus far more that only an accumulation of meaningless observations of an individuals life in a very specific society. Considering these arguments, Malinowski approach can, indeed, be seen as congruent with our first tendency to understand grand theory. The answer to our initial question should hence be that Anthropology is a science that can certainly produce grand theories in the sense of generalized frameworks and universalistic theories, without neglecting the importance of the local and the contingent (Skinner 1985 12).Furthermore, Anthropology can be viewed as an established science with its own field of study being the human being and its social group as well as their mutual dependencies and influences. Anthropology stands in a clear relationship to the other basic science, because it is concerned with studying phenomena at one clearly discriminate level vis-a-vis those other sciences. (Good 1996 32)

Gender and subject choice Essay

To carry out these interviews, I would take a sample of 20 sixth-formers, preferably within my own sixth-form to have easier, speedier access and consisting equally of both males and females. In order to do this I would use quota sampling, this is a way in which variables can be controlled and the participants with similar characteristics atomic number 18 chosen, hence the overall sample can reflect the characteristics of the population as a whole. These samples would also preferably include students that had chosen to study any of the sciences, besides particular(a)ly focusing on Biology.This sample would also take into account ethnic and class differences in order to allow me to unalikeiate between males and females accord to different variables, providing sufficient extra data to measure gender against class roles and the intersections. Whilst this go away provide qualitative clues as to subject choices by gender it will be limited in illustrating the impact of the learnin g environment and gender roles, as this would demand more qualitative analysis much(prenominal) as that of Anne Colleys. However, I would expect the results to be generalisable to a wider population.I will anchor these questions in previous research such as that of Anne Colley. Within the interviews, I am handout to focus on Biology in particular when asking about the science/favourite subjects, etcetera My reasons for doing this arise from the evidence that Science at GCSE direct is more popular with males whereas at A-level it is more commonly chosen by females. I would begin the interviews with a number of open-ended questions, so as to confine the participant a chance to provide me with worthy feedback, eg. Why did you choose Biology? , and What did you think of it ?(in comparison to GCSE level), etc.I would record the answers to these open questions as it would be time-consuming to write down many long answers, etc. This would enable me to extract a varied viewpoint on man y different students perspectives of subject choice and preference. Then I would ask a series of closed-ended questions which will generally be more appropriate to achieve a dedicate off of results for clear comparisons to be made.These closed-ended questions would include similar questions to Do you think Biology is a girls subject? and Do you think Physics is a boys subject? , etc. Questions would be piloted on a small group of males and females to ensure its adequacy. This is in accompaniment a small-scale preliminary study which will allow me to civilize that things will run smoothly during the interviews and also allow improvements to be made to the design of the research, should there be any faults. (471 words) Potential Problems As this is a such a small piece of research, it would a problem to generalise from it, especially to schools and pupils different from the sample, eg.ethnic minorities, private education, etc.It would give an idea of the reasons in which a particu lar small group of students chose their A level subjects and their own individual reasons for doing so. However it could give a fair impression of reasons for subject choice in other cases, eg. similar circumstances to other pupils studying the same subjects etc. The usage of quota sampling does have both theoretical and practical drawbacks in some circumstances.It isnt truly random as each person within the population doesnt have an equal chance of being chosen. The lack of this genuine stochasticity may have a significant effect on the results. For example, the quota sample within my study would be only those illustrated on the biology class register, besides the results may have more of an impact if a quota sample had been taken from all those who achieved a high grade at GCSE biology and were in fact considering going on to study it at a higher level, etc.There is of course, with my research an interviewer bias. As my opinions on the topic are set by doing the research, part icipants may be influenced by my asking of the questions and will therefore respond by giving a respectable answer as they may harness the real truth embarrassing, eg. I fancied a lad who was taking the course. However I am similar in status to my chosen sample group, therefore they may wish to impress or please me by giving me answers that they think I want to hear.Another problem may be the reliability of the interviewees memory, they arent currently making their choice and might not remember their thoughts on it at the time. Also during interviews, a crucial fixings as a way of achieving a reliable outcome of the research is to not put ideas into the students head before having asked open-ended questions. For example, closed-ended questions especially may put forward ideas that werent there before and therefore mislead me about their thoughts on the matter, etc.

Evolution of Gillette Razor Blades Essay

Marketing, convention and innovation is the study of how an organisations competitive advantage forte is indomitable and determine by its marketing, design and innovation prowess. In addition, it is as a critical factor to the growth and success of the organisation and to the global community. This study seeks to reconnoitre the Gillettes Power Razor through the lens of organisational marketing, design and innovation. It will look at the way in which Gillette Power Razor and its differentiate prospers in those areas and how it impacted on the competiveness in the marketplace.The objectives of the study are, firstly to display how the characteristics of the Gillette Power Razor have evolved over time to meet customers needs. To show the benefits and prise derived by the users. To show the uniqueness of its design elements. Finally, to show the Gillettes brand appeal in contemporary markets. In this research the investigator will be taking the view of epistemology. The investigato r selected the Gillette power razor as the product to critique within the context of marketing, design and innovation. The razor took a very capacious time to evolve into its present multidimensional use.Therefore, true innovation always begins by investigating the historic footprint. Analysis will be used shows how the characteristics of the breaker point has altered over time what drove the changes in the market and which it exists from the benefits and value derived by the clients, customers or recipients. Furthermore, the uniqueness of its design elements shape, colour, design, imagination, relevance and usefulness. Finally, its appeal as brand in contemporary markets.In industry, methods and tools are developed on how to organize and manage innovation branches with the objective to better control added value, cost and risk. Additionally, Marketing is the process of determining customer needs and wants and then providing customers with goods and service that meet or exceed their expectations (Nickels et al, 2002).Nevertheless, the Danish Government describes design as the power to make products and services more attractive to customers and users, so they are able to sell at a higher price by being differentiated from the competition by virtue of new properties, values and characteristics. Marketing, design and innovation is the study of how an organisations competitive advantage forte is indomitable and shaped by its marketing, design and innovation prowess. In addition, it is as a critical factor to the growth and success of the organisation and to the global community.

Somali People and Djibouti

Djibouti, a small 9000 square miles Horn of Africa (HOA) enclave located at the converging of the Red Sea and Gulf of Aden, is strategically important to the U. S. Foreign polity. All instruments of U. S National Power diplomacy, information, military and economic are exercised as fracture of a deliberate and uphold whole of goernment approach. The U. S. Ambassador to Djibouti, the Honorable Geeta Pasi, leads a State Department and U. S. Agency for International Development (USAID) Team in enabling U. S.Strategic policy vision in HOA, while enabling and collaborating with Djibouti in strengthening government, social, economic and international capabilities. Djibouti affects U. S Foreign policy in three major areas Djiboutis geographical location and shipping port capabilities support for U. S Foreign policy vision in the HOA region support for U. S. Military operations. Djiboutis geographical location and deep harbor port provides a strategic and economic advantage over border ing countries of Eritrea, Ethiopia and Somalia, by supporting international shipping and trade.Landlocked Ethiopia, the major political and economic African Union influence in the region, depends uniquely on Djiboutis port and modern road infrastructure system (courtesy of the European Union) to receive and deliver goods internationally. The good relations between Djibouti City and Addis Ababa enable stableness in the region, supporting U. S Foreign policy. Additionally, Djiboutis location and stable government neighboring the unpredictable and radically prone countries of Eritrea, Somalia and Yemen (across the 18-mile straight) enables U. S.State Department efforts to position the spread of state sponsored terrorism. Furthermore, Djibouti is the linchpin in the Department of State (DoS) and Department of Defense (DoD) civil-military regional efforts to strengthen institutional capabilities of East African militaries in order to promote security and stability throughout the Horn of Africa. (Economic, Diplomatic IOP) Djibouti, a country 99 percent Muslim and primarily of Somali decent, boasts a relatively stable government which remains a dependable supporter of U. S Foreign policy within HOA.Djibouti supports African Union and U. S. Foreign Policy efforts to eradicate the spread of Islamic extremists groups such as Al-Qaida affiliated al-Shabaab this commitment includes providing military forces to the African Union Mission in Somalia, supporting the transitional Federal Government in Mogadishu, Somalia. Additionally, the Djiboutian government supports USAID efforts throughout Africa by providing warehousing for the only stockpile of humanitarian aid on the African continent. (Diplomatic, information IOP) Djibouti supports the only U.S Military base on the continent of Africa- it also supports French and Japanese military forces. The U. S Military installation, Camp Lemonnier, houses over 4000 Army, Navy, ocean and Air Force personnel, which includes a robu st contingency of Special Operations personnel. Djiboutis support for a U. S Military presence enables the sustained training of East African militaries, a key objective in the State Departments vision to enhance the effectiveness, capability, credibility and status of East African militaries towards noncombatant populations they serve.Additionally, having a U. S military presence supports and develops a wide range of military options available to the Commander in Chief during emergent/contingent operations. Finally, the Djiboutian government support of multi-national military forces provides a base of operations for the Joint Coalition Task Force addressing the piracy issue along the Somali coast. (Diplomatic, Military, cultivation IOPs) In conclusion, Djiboutis demure size is a stark contrast to the importance this African nation has on U.S. Foreign Policy. With the very documentary presence of Islamic extremists groups in Africa, the tenuous diplomatic and tribal issues preval ent throughout the region, and the increasing encroachment and influence China imposes on African nations in search of natural resources, it is all the more important for U. S Foreign Policy, executed through DoS and DoD joint efforts, to enable African partnerships similar to what exists with Djibouti.

Psychological Definitions of Abnormal Behavior Essay

According to the science of psychology ones demeanor motives to follow a certain criteria in social club to be deemed convening. If ones behavior does not match the criteria, their behavior is seen as undesir commensurate and wrong (requires change). For this physiologists need to be able to view a persons behavior and be able to tell the difference between normal and abnormal. Whilst defining the normality of ones behavior physiologists need to be cargonful to remain objective and as free of any bias as possible, furthermore their experiment to determine ones behavior needs to be repeatable and reliable. In coiffure to do this psychologists often consults the characteristics of ideal mental health proposed by Marie Jahoda in 1958. Marie Jahoda proposed 6 different characteristics for ideal mental health after surveying different doctors and psychologists this is the list she came up with* Positive self esteem and a strong sense of identity* Personal growth and increase* Abili ty to cope with stressful situations (integration)* Autonomy and independence* Accurate perception of reality* Successful mastery of the environment, particularly relationships.Jahoda argued that if one does not meet these criteria therefore ones behavior can be deemed abnormal as a result of an existing problem. This in my opinion provides a strong applicable foundation for the decisiveness of ones normality of behavior. However the problem with Jahodas ideal mental health scheme is the fact that the results obtained rely solely on the observers judgment, therefore presenting a inevitable bias not to mention the fact that no person can truly ever meet all of the suggested criteria. This mean that consort to Jahoda every person is abnormal.Another way to look for abnormal behavior for psychologists is to find deviation form the social norm (majority). This is done by notice ones actions in public and seeing how normal it is. For type if you see someone wearing a bikini/swim tr unks whilst walking around a supermarket, his or her behavior would be deemed as abnormal. The limitations of observing behavior in this manor lay in the fact that different cultures have different norms. not to mention the fact that in any given culture norms evolve. What may have once been acceptable in the 80s is not unavoidably acceptable today.Abnormality of ones behavior can also be monitored by looking at its statistical frequency. Meaning how common ones behavior is when compared to the rest of the public. If ones behavior is shared by many it is deemed common and therefore normal, however if ones behavior is uncommon or rare, it is deemed abnormal. For example one may say that an individual who has an IQ below or above the average level of IQ in society is abnormal. The problem with this musical arrangement is the fact that, it does not account for the desirability of the given behavior. In other words this system claims that both low and high IQs are an abnormality that need to be treated.Physiologists and others interested in normality, look over at ones behavior to see how well they can function. If one is unable to function adequately they are deemed abnormal. In order to determine how well one functions, psychologists consult Rosenhan and Seligmans list of characteristics that define abnormality (1989). Rosenhan and Seligman argued that in order to classify someone as inadequate in life they must meet several of the characteristics as a pose to only one. This is their list* deplorable* Maladaptiveness (danger to self)* Vividness & unconventionality (stands out)* Unpredictably & loss of control* Irrationality/incomprehensibility* Causes observer discomfort* Violates moral/social standardsThe possible limitation to Rosenhan and Seligmans list of characteristics is the fact that normal people engage in activates which are potentially harmful like drinking or smoking, these people are not classed as abnormal. It is very concentrated to classify behavior as to date no scheme to do so exists, which is perfect. Physiologists must tread carefully when labeling one with a disorder. Bias testament always be present in one form or another, however the results can be deemed reliable if practicing psychologists consult multiple schemes in order to have a better chance of an accurate diagnosis.Bibliography* Class handout abnormal? Mrs campion.* DefiningAbnormality. AS Psychology /. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. . * Abnormal Psychology. Abnormal Psychology. N.p., n.d. Web. 25 Oct. 2012. .

Procurement and supply chain management Essay

This return is consulted with the vital subject of business logistics and offer orbit counsel, an bea that can be requirement to a unbendables competitive st rankgy and r eveue generation. This counseling bea has been get a lined by many a nonher(prenominal) names, including tangible dispersion, animal(prenominal)s wariness, conveying heed, logistics, and add up kitchen range do itment. Relevant business activities may include one or much of the following aras transportation, history, order process, purchasing, computer storage, materials drawling, packaging, client table service standards, and produceion.The focus of this Publication is on the cookery, organizing, and controlling of these activities key elements for successful management in any organization. Special emphasis is disposed(p) to strategic planning and decision making as an solely- consequential(a) part of the management process. Managerial efforts ar directed towards circumstance sting the level of the logistics activities so as to put forward intersection points and services available to customers at the time and place required, and in the condition and form desired, in the most profitable and cost-effective way.Logistical activities paying back for unceasingly been vital to organizations, and so business logistics and add chain management represents a synthesis of many concepts, principles, and methods from the much than traditional areas of merchandising, yieldion, accounting, purchasing, and transportation, as good as from the disciplines of applied mathematics, organizational behaviour, and sparings. This Publication attempts to unify these elements to assist in the effective management of the supply chain.The Publication aims to present ideas, principles and techniques that are fundamental to dependable business logistics practice. It concentrates on important activities of management such as planning, organizing, and controlling, and also on a triangle of coordinated transportation, inventory, and perspective strategies, which are at the heart of good logistics planning and decision making. Contemporary efforts that affect the background signal and practice of business logistics and supply chain management give up been combine into the body of the text.Firstly, emphasis is placed on logistics and supply chain management in a humanwide setting to reflect the developing internationalization and globalization of business in general. Secondly, the shift towards service-oriented economies by industrialized nations is emphasized by showing how logistics concepts and principles are applicable to both service-producing tirms and product-producing ones. Thirdly, attention is given to the integrated management of supply chain activities. 1 LSCTMMOD1 maneuver for a lay off re intersection of our course catalogue book by airmail, telephone, facsimile machine or email, or via our web direct Britain. external Headquart ers College Ho part, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 netmail informationcambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk The Publication contains many practical and contemporary examples that show the applicability of the textual material and assist in the understanding and learning of the key points and concepts.Each Chapter in this Cambridge International College Publication on Logistics, image hang on & Transport heed includes An origination section Examples and/or figures and diagrams to explain the concepts being c everywhereed A summary of concluding comments Review Questions designed to reinforce learning and contemplation of what is covered in the Chapter Advice on How to Study this Program Every mortal CIC Member approaches his/her study in a different manner, and different people may experience a bad-tempered study method that they find most effective for them.However, the following is a tested and proven Study Method, suggested to you as a CIC Member in order to assist in making your study and learning easier and enjoyable and to assist you to libertinely master the contentednesss of this CIC Publication on Logistics, strand Supply & Transport Management Step 1 Set yourself a flexible study schedule, depending on the time you have available and what is lift out for you. For example, the target set could be to study for 1 or 2 hours a night, or for 8 or 9 hours a week, or to complete one Chapter every 2 weeks.There is no set or compulsory schedule, but simply setting a schedule or goal is oftentimes an important action in ensuring that study is undertaken successfully and at bottom the specified timeframe. Step 2 Read the whole of the first Chapter at your normal reading pace, without arduous to memorise every topic covered or particular stated, but trying to get the feel of what is dealt with in the Chapter as a whole. Step 3 Start reading the Chapter again from the beginning, this tim e reading more slowly, paragraph by paragraph and section by section.Make brief notes of any points, sentences, paragraphs or sections which you feel need your further study, assumeation or thought. You may wish to keep any notes in a separate file or notebook. show to absorb and memorise all the important topics covered. Step 4 Start reading the Chapter again from its start, this time assumeing particular attention to and if necessary study more thoroughly those parts on which you earlier wrote notes for further study. It is best that you do not pass on to other parts or topics until you are certain you fully understand and remember those parts you earlier noted as requiring your special attention.Try to fix everything taught impregnablely in your mind. 2 LSCTMMOD1 forward for a supernumerary write of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Step 5 There are self-assessment review questions at the end of the Chapter, and you are powerfully advised to try to answer or conceptualise about them as best you can but do not send your answers to the College.If these questions/exercises highlight any areas that you feel you need to revise or re-read in the Chapter, then go ahead and do that before moving on to Step 6. Step 6 Once you have completed steps 1 to 5 above, move on to the next Chapter and repeat steps 1 to 5 for each subsequent Chapter. 3 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a unfreeze copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining.com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk LOGISTICS, SUPPLY chemical chain & TRANSPORT MANAGEMENT PROGRAM MODULE ONE BUSINESS LOGISTICS/SUPPL Y CHAIN A VITAL SUBJECT (based on Chapter 1 of Logistics, Supply kitchen stove and Transport Management by Ronald H Ballou) Contents Introduction billet Logistics Defined The Supply Chain The Activity Mix Importance of Logistics/Supply Chain (SC) Costs Are Significant Logistics Customer Service Expectations Are Increasing Supply and Distribution Lines Are Lengthening with Greater Complexity Logistics/SC Is weighty to StrategyLogistics/SC Adds Significant Customer nurture Customers Increasingly Want Quick, Customized Response Logistics/SC in Non-Manufacturing Areas Service Industry Military Environment work Logistics/SC in the Firm Objectives of Business Logistics/SC Questions and Problems Introduction As far back as history records, the goods that people wanted were not always produced where they wanted to consume them, or these goods were not accessible when people wanted to consume them. Food and other commodities were widely dispersed and were but available in abundance a t certain times of the year.Early peoples had the choice of consuming goods at their immediate location or moving the goods to a preferred site and storing them for later use. However, because no well developed transportation and storage systems yet existed, the movement of goods was limited to what an individual could personally move, and storage of perishable commodities was possible for only a short time. This limited movement-storage system principally constrained people to live close to the radicals of production and to consume a kind of narrow divagate of goods.Even today, in some areas of the area function and production take place only at bottom a very limited geographic region. physiological contact examples can still be observed in the developing nations of Asia, South America, Australia, and Africa, where some of the population live in small, self-sufficient villages, and most of the goods infallible by the residents are produced or acquired in the immediate vic inity. Few goods are imported from other areas. Therefore, production efficiency and the economic standard of sustainment are generally low.In this type of economy, a well-developed and inexpensive logistics system would encourage an deputize of goods with other producing areas of the country, or even the world. 4 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk As logistics systems better, consumption and production began to separate geographically.Regions would specialize in those commodities that could be produced most efficiently. Excess production could be shipped economically to other producing (or consuming) areas, and needed goods not produced locally were imported. This exchange process follows the principle of comparative advantage . This same principle, when applied to world markets, helps to explain the high level of international trade that takes place today. Efficient logistics systems allow world businesses to take advantage of the fact that lands, and the people who occupy them, are not equally productive.Logistics is the very essence of trade. It contributes to a higher economic standard of living for us all. To the individual firm operating in a high-level economy, good management of logistics activities is vital. Markets are often national or international in scope, whereas production may be concentrated at relatively few points. Logistics activities provide the bridge between production and market locations that are separated by time and distance. Effective management of these activities is the major concern of this Program. Business Logistic DefinedBusiness logistics is a relatively new field of integrated management study in comparison with the traditional fields of finance, marketing, and producti on. As previously noted, logistics activities have been carried out by individuals for many age. Businesses also have continually tenanted in movestore (transportation-inventory) activities. The newness of the field results from the concept of coordinated management of the related activities, kinda than the historical practice of managing them separately, and the concept that logistics adds evaluate to products or services that are essential to customer satisfaction and sales.Although co-ordinated logistics management has not been generally practiced until recently, the idea of co-ordinated management can be traced back to at least 1844. In the publications of Jules Dupuit, a French engineer, the idea of trading one cost for other (transportation be for inventory be) was evident in the selection between road and water supply transport The fact is that carriage by road being quicker, more reliable and less subject to loss or damage, it possesses advantage to which businessme n often attach a considerable protect.However, it may well be that a saving induces the merchant to use a canal he can demoralise warehouses and increase his floating capital in order to have a sufficient supply of goods on hand to protect himself against slowness and irregularity of the canal, and if all told the saving in transport gives him a cost advantage, he will decide in favour of the new route. The first textbook to suggest the benefits of co-ordinated logistics management appeared slightly 1961, in part explaining why a generally accepted commentary of business logistics is still emerging.Therefore, it is worthwhile to explore several definitions for the scope and content of the subject. A dictionary definition of the term logistics is The branch of legions science having to do with procuring, maintaining, and transporting material, personnel, and facilities. This definition puts logistics into a military context. To the extent that business objectives and activitie s differ from those of the military, this definition does not capture the essence of business logistics management.A better representation of the field may be reflected in the definition promulgated by the Council of Logistics Management (CLM), a professional organization of logistics 5 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk managers, educators, and practitioners formed in 1962 for the purposes of continuing education and fostering the interchange of ideas.Its definition Logistics is that part of the supply chain process that plans, implements, and controls the efficient, effective prey and storage of goods, services, and related information from the point of origin to the point of consumption in order to meet customers requirements . This is an subtle definition, conveying the idea that product flows are to be managed from the point where they exist as lovesome materials to the point where they are netly discarded. Logistics is also concerned with the flow of services as well as physiological goods, an area of growing opportunity for improvement.It also suggests that logistics is a process, meaning that it includes all the activities that have an touch on on making goods and services available to customers when and where they wish to acquire them. However, the definition implies that logistics is part of the supply chain process, not the entire process. So, what is the supply chain process or, more popularly, supply chain management? Supply chain management (SCM) is a term that has emerged in recent years that captures the essence of integrated logistics and even goes beyond it.Supply chain management emphasizes the logistics interactions that take place among the functions of marketing, logistics, and p roduction at bottom a firm and those interactions that take place between the legally separate firms within the product-flow channel. Opportunities for cost or customer service improvement are achieved through co-ordination and collaboration among the channel members where some essential supply chain activities may not be under the direct control of the logistician.Although early definitions such as physical dissemination, materials management, industrial logistics and channel management all terms used to describe logistics have promoted this broad scope for logistics, there was little attempt to implement logistics beyond a associations own enterprise boundaries, or even beyond its own internal logistics function. Now, retail firms are showing success in sharing information with suppliers, who in turn agree to maintain and manage inventories on retailers shelves.Channel inventories and product stockouts are lower. Manufacturing firms operating under exactly-in-time production scheduling build relationships with suppliers for the benefit of both companies by reducing inventories. Definitions of the supply chain and supply chain management reflecting this broader scope are The supply chain (SC) encompasses all activities associated with the flow and transformation of goods from the raw materials stage (extraction), through to the end user, as well as the associated information flows.Materials and information flow both up and down the supply chain. Supply chain management (SCM) is the integration of these activities, through improved supply chain relationships, to achieve a sustainable competitive advantage. After careful study of the various definitions being offered, Mentzer and other writers propose the broad and rather general definition as followsSupply chain management is defined as the systematic, strategic coordination of the traditional business functions and the tactics across these business functions within a particular company and across busi nesses within the supply chain, for the purposes of improving the long-term performance of the individual companies and the supply chain as a whole. 6 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining.The supply chain management model in Figure 1-1 viewed as a pipeline shows the scope of this definition. It is important to note that supply chain management is about the co-ordination of product flows across functions and across companies to achieve competitive advantage and profitability for the individual companies in the supply chain and the supply chain members collectively. It is difficult, in a practical way, to separate business logistics management from supply chain management.In so many respects, they promote the same tutelage To get the right goods or services to the right pla ce, at the right time, and in the desired condition, while making the greatest contribution to the firm. Some hire that supply chain management is just another name for integrated business logistics management (IBLM) and that the broad scope of supply chain management has been promoted over the years. Conversely, others say that logistics is a subset of SCM, where SCM considers additive issues beyond those of product flow. For example, SCM may be concerned with product pricing and manufacturing quality.Although SCM promotes regard the supply channel with the broadest scope, the reality is that firms do not practise this ideal. Fawcett and Magan found that companies that do practise supply chain integration limit their scope to one tier up upstream and one tier downstream. The focus seems to be concerned with creating seamless processes within their own companies and applying new information technologies to improve the quality of information and speed of its exchange among chann el members. The term between the logistics and supply chain management terms is fuzzy.Even then, logistics activities are repeated once again as used products are recyc guide upstream in the logistics channel. A single firm generally is not able to control its entire product flow channel from raw material quotation to points of the final consumption, although this is an emerging opportunity. For practical purposes, the business logistics for the individual firm has a narrower scope. Usually, the maximum managerial control that can be expected is over the immediate physical supply and physical distribution channels, as shown in Figure 1-2.The physical supply channel refers to the time and space gap between a firms immediate material sources and its processing points. Similarly, the physical distribution channel refers to the time and space gap between the firms processing points and its customers. referable to the similarities in the activities between the two channels, physical supply (more parking lotly referred to as materials management) 8 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain.International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk and physical distribution comprise those activities that are integrated into business logistics. Business logistics management is now popularly referred to as supply chain management. Others have used terms such as value nets, value stream, and lean logistics to describe a similar scope and purpose. The evolution of the management of product flows toward SCM is captured in Figure 1-3.Although it is easy to think of logistics as managing the flow of products from the points of raw material acquisition to end customers, for many firms there is a reverse logistics channel that must be managed as well. The life of a product, from a lo gistics viewpoint, does not end with delivery to the customer. Products become obsolete, damaged, or nonfunctioning and are returned to their source points for repair or disposition. Packaging materials may be returned to the shipper due to environmental regulations or because it makes good economic sense to reuse them.The reverse logistics channel may utilize all or a caboodle of the forward logistics channel or it may require a separate design. The supply chain terminates with the final disposition of a product. The reverse channel must be considered to be within the scope of logistics planning and control. The Activity Mix The activities to be managed that make up business logistics (supply chain process) vary from firm to firm, depending on a firms particular organizational structure, managements honest discriminations of opinion about what constitutes the supply chain for its business, and the importance of individual activities to its mental processs.Follow along the suppl y chain as shown in Figure 1-2 and note the important activities that take place. Again, according to the CLM 9 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. ukThe components of a typical logistics system are customer service, invite forecasting, distribution communications, inventory control, material handling, order processing, parts and service survive, plant and warehouse site selection (location analysis), purchasing, packaging, return goods handling, salvage and scrap disposal, traffic and transportation, and warehousing and storage. Figure 1-4 organizes these components, or activities, according to where they are most likely to take place in the supply channel. The list is further divided into key and support activities, along with s ome of the decisions associated with each activity.Customer service standards co-operate with marketing to a. Determine customer needs and wants for logistics customer service b. Determine customer response to service c. Set customer service levels 2. Transportation a. Mode and transport service selection b. Freight consolidation c. Carrier routing d. Vehicle scheduling e. Equipment selection f. Claims processing g. Rate auditing 3. Inventory management a. Raw materials and finished goods stocking policies b. Short-term sales forecasting c. Product mix at stocking points 10 LSCTMMOD1Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk d. Number, size, and location of stocking points e. Just-in-time, push, and wrench strategies 4. Information flows and orde r processing a. Sales order-inventory interface procedures b. Order information transmittal methods c. Ordering rules Support Activities 1. Warehousing a. Space determination b. armoury layout and dock design c.Warehouse configuration d. Stock placement 2. Materials handling a. Equipment selection b. Equipment replacement policies c. Order-picking procedures d. Stock storage and retrieval 3. Purchasing a. Supply source selection b. Purchase timing c. Purchase quantities 4. Protective packaging designed for a. Handling b. Storage c. Protection from loss and damage 5. Co-operate with production/ trading operations to a. coif aggregate quantities b. Sequence and time production output c. Schedule supplies for production/operations 6. Information maintenance a. Information collection, storage, and manipulation b. Data analysis retain procedures Key and support activities are separated because certain activities will generally take place in every logistics channel, whereas others will take place, depending on the circumstances, within a particular firm. The key activities are on the critical loop within a firms immediate physical distribution channel, as shown in Figure 1 to 5. They contribute most to the total cost of logistics or they are essential to the effective co-ordination and completion of the logistics task. 11 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our websiteBritain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Customer service standards set the level of output and degree of readiness to which the logistics system must respond. Logistics be increase in proportion to the level of customer service provided, such that setting the standards for service also affects the logistics costs to support that level of service. Setting very high service requirements can force log istics costs to exceedingly high levels.Transportation and inventories maintenance are the primary cost-absorbing logistics activities. Experience has shown that each will represent one-half to two-thirds of total logistics costs. Transportation adds place value to products and services, whereas inventories maintenance adds time value. Transportation is essential because no modern firm can operate without providing for the movement of its raw materials or its finished products. This importance is underscored by the financial strains placed on many firms by such disasters as a national railroad strike or independent truckers refusal to move goods because of rate disputes.In these circumstances, markets cannot be served, and products back up in the logistics pipeline to deteriorate or become obsolete. Inventories are also essential to logistics management because it is usually not possible or practical to provide instant production or ensure delivery times to customers. They serve as buffers between supply and engage so that needed product availability may be maintained for customers while providing flexibility for production and logistics in seek efficient methods for manufacture and distribution of the product. Order processing is the final key activity.Its costs usually are minor compared to transportation or inventory maintenance costs. Nevertheless, order processing is an important element in the total time that it takes for a customer to receive goods or services. It is the activity triggering product movement and service delivery. Although support activities may be as critical as the key activities in any particular circumstance, they are considered here as contributing to the logistics mission. In addition, one or more of the support activities may not be a part of the logistics activity mix for every firm.For example, products such as finished automobiles or commodities such as coal, iron ore, or gravel not needing the weather and security protection of warehousing will not require the warehousing activity, even though inventories are maintained. However, warehousing and materials handling are typically conducted wherever products are temporarily halted in their movement to the marketplace. 12 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain.International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk Protective packaging is a support activity of transportation and inventory maintenance as well as of warehousing and materials handling because it contributes to the efficiency with which these other activities are carried out. Purchasing and product scheduling often may be considered more a concern of production than of logistics.However, they also affect the overall logistics effort, and specifically they affect the efficiency of transportation and in ventory management. Finally, information maintenance supports all other logistics activities in that it provides the needed information for planning and control. The extended supply chain refers to those members of the supply channel beyond the firms immediate suppliers or customers. They may be suppliers to the immediate suppliers or customers of the immediate customers and so on until raw material source points or end customers are reached.It is important to plan and control the previously noted activities and information flows if they affect the logistics customer service that can be provided and the costs of preparation this service. Management of the extended supply chain has the potential of improving logistics performance beyond that of just managing the activities within the immediate supply chain. Importance of Logistics/Supply Chain Logistics is about creating value value for customers and suppliers of the firm, and value for the firms stakeholders. Value in logistics is primarily expressed in terms of time and place.Products and services have no value unless they are in the possession of the customers when (time) and where (place) they wish to consume them. For example, concessions at a sports event have no value to consumers if they are not available at the time and place that the event is occurring, or if inadequate inventories dont meet the demands of the sports fans. Good logistics management views each activity in the supply chain as contributing to the process of adding value. If little value can be added, it is questionable whether the activity should exist.However, value is added when customers are willing to pay more for a product or service than the cost to place it in their hands. To many firms throughout the world, logistics has become an increasingly important value-adding process for a number of reasons. Costs Are Significant Over the years, several studies have been conducted to determine the costs of logistics for the whole economy and for the individual firm. There are widely varying estimates of the cost levels. According to the International Monetary Fund (IMF), logistics costs fairish about 12 per centum of the 13 LSCTMMOD1Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk worlds gross domestic product. Robert Delaney, who has tracked logistics costs for more than two decades, estimates that logistics costs for the U. S. economy are 9. 9 percent of the U. S. gross domestic product (GDP), or $921 billion. For the firm, logistics costs have ranged from 4 percent to over 30 percent of sales.The results from a cost survey of individual firms are shown in dining table 1-3. Although the results show physical distribution costs at about 8 percent of sales, this survey does not inclu de physical supply costs. Probably another one-third may be added to this total to represent average logistics costs for the firm at about 11 percent of sales. Over the last decade, physical distribution costs have ranged between 7 percent and 9 percent of sales. There may be a trend of increasing costs for individual firms, although Wilson and Delaney show over the same period that logistics costs as a percent of U. S.GDP have declined by about 10 percent. Logistics costs, self-coloured for most firms, rank second only to the cost of goods sold (purchase costs) that are about 50 percent to 60 percent of sales for the average manufacturing firm. Value is added by minimizing these costs and by passing the benefits on to customers and to the firms shareholders. Logistics Customer Service Expectations Are Increasing The Internet, just-in-time operating procedures, and continuous replenishment of inventories have all contributed to customers expecting rapid processing of their requests , quick delivery, and a high degree of product availability.According to the Davis Survey of hundreds of companies over the last decade, world-class competitors have average order cycle times (the time between when an order is placed and when it is received) of seven to eight days and line item fill rates of 90 percent to 94 percent. LogFac summarizes world-class logistics performance for domestic companies as Error rates of less than one per 1,000 orders shipped Logistics costs of well under 5 percent of sales Finished goods inventory turnover of 20 or more times per year Total order cycle time of five work daysTransportation cost of one percent of sales revenue or less, if products sold are over $5 per 500 gms As depicted object be expected, the average company performs below these cost and customer service benchmarks, when compared with the statistics in Tables 1-3 and 1-4. Supply and Distribution Lines Are Lengthening with Greater Complexity The trend is toward an integrated world economy. Firms are seeking, or have developed, global strategies by designing their products for a world market and producing them wherever the low-cost 14 LSCTMMOD1Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk raw materials, components, and labor can be found (e. g. , Fords Focus automobile), or they simply produce locally and sell internationally. In either case, supply and distribution lines are stretched, as compared with the producer who wishes to manufacture and sell only locally.Not only has the trend occurred naturally by firms seeking to cut costs or expand markets, but it is also being encouraged by political arrangements that promote trade. Examples of the latter are the European Union, the northeasterly America Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) between Canada, the linked States, and Mexico, and the economic trade agreement among several countries of South America (MERCOSUR). Globalization and internationalization of industries everywhere will depend heavily on logistics performance and costs, as companies take more of a world view of their operations.As this happens, logistics takes on increased importance within the firm since its costs, peculiarly transportation, become a larger part of the total cost structure. For example, if a firm seeks foreign suppliers for the raw materials that make up its final product or foreign locations to build its product, the motivation is to increase profit. Material and labor costs may be reduced, but logistics costs are likely to increase due to increased transportation and inventory costs. The tradeoff, as shown in Figure 1-6, may study to higher profit by reducing materials, labour, and overhead costs at the expense of logistics costs and tariffs.Outsourcing adds value, but it requires careful management of logistics costs and product-flow times in the supply channel. Logistics/SC Is key To Strategy Firms spend a great deal of time finding ways to differentiate their product offerings from those of their competitors. When management recognizes that logistics/SC affects a significant portion of a firms costs and that the result of decisions make about the supply chain processes yields different levels of customer service, it is in a position to use this effectively to penetrate new markets, to increase market share, and to increase profits.When a firm incurs the cost of moving the product toward the customer or making an inventory available in a timely manner, for the customer value has been created that was not there previously. It is value as surely as that created through the production of a quality product or through a low price. It is generally recognized that business creates four types of value in products or services. These are form, time, pla ce, and possession. Logistics creates two out of these four values. Manufacturing creates form value as inputs are converted to outputs, that is raw materials are transformed into finished goods.Logistics controls the time and place values in products, mainly through transportation, information flows, and inventories. Possession value is often considered the responsibility of marketing, engineering, and finance, where the value is created by helping customers acquire the product through such mechanisms as advertising (information), technical support, and terms of sale (pricing and credit availability). To the extent that SCM includes production, three out of the four values may be the responsibility of the logistics/supply chain manager.Customers Increasingly Want Quick, Customized Response Fast food retailers, automatic teller machines, overnight package delivery, and electronic mail on the Internet have led us as consumers to expect that products and services can be made available in increasingly shorter times. In addition, improved information systems and flexible manufacturing processes have led the marketplace toward mass customization. Rather than consumers having to accept the one size fits all philosophy in their purchases, suppliers are increasingly offering products that meet individual customer needs.Companies too have been applying the concept of quick response to their internal operations in order to meet the service requirements of their own marketing efforts. The quick response philosophy has been used to create a marketing advantage. Saks Fifth Avenue applied it, even though big profits are made through big margins and not on cost reductions that might be achieved from good logistics management. Supply chain costs may even rise, although the advantage is to more than cover these costs through increased profits. Logistics/SC in Non-manufacturing AreasIt is perhaps easiest to think of logistics/SC in terms of moving and storing a physical product in a manufacturing setting. This is too narrow a view and can lead to many missed business opportunities. The logistics/SC principles and concepts learned over the years can be applied to such areas as service industries, the military, and even environment management. Service Industry The service sector of industrialized countries is large and growing. In the United States, over 70 percent of all jobs are in what the federal government classifies as the service sector.The size of this sector totally forces us to ask if logistics concepts are not equally applicable here as they are to the manufacturing sector. If they are, there is a tremendous untapped opportunity yet to be fulfilled. Many companies designated as service firms in fact produce a product. Examples include McDonalds Corporation (fast foods) Dow Jones & Co. , Inc. (newspaper publishing) and Sears, Roebuck and Co. (merchandise retailing). These companies carry out all the typical supply chain activities of any manufact uring firm.However, for service companies such as Bank One (retail banking), Marriott Corporation (lodging) and Consolidated Edison (electric power), supply chain activities, 16 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our website Britain. International Headquarters College House, Leoville, Jersey JE3 2DB, Britain Telefax +44 (0)1534 485485 Email infocambridgetraining. com Website www. cambridgecollege. co. uk especially those associated with physical distribution, are not as obvious.Even though many service-oriented companies may be distributing an intangible, nonphysical product, they do engage in many physical distribution activities and decisions. A hospital may want to extend emergency medical care throughout the community and must make decisions as to the locations of the centers. United Parcel Service and Federal Express must locate terminals and route pickup and delivery trucks. The East Ohio Gas Company inventories na tural gas in underground wells during the off-season in the region where demand will occur. Bank One must locate and have cash inventory on hand for its ATMs.The Federal Reserve Bank must select the methods of transportation to move cancelled cheques among member banks. The Catholic Church must decide the number, location, and size of the churches needed to meet shifts in size and location of congregations, as well as to plan the inventory of its pastoral staff. Xeroxs repair service for write equipment is also a good example of the logistics decisions encountered in a service operation. The techniques, concepts, and methods discussed throughout this Program should be as applicable to the service sector as they are to the manufacturing sector.The key, according to Theodore Levitt, may be in transforming an intangible service into a tangible product. Problems will remain in carefully identifying the costs associated with the distribution of an intangible product. Perhaps because of this, few service firms or organizations have a physical distribution manager on their staff, although they frequently do have a materials manager to handle supply matters. However, managing logistics in service industries does represent a new direction for the future development of logistics practice. MilitaryBefore businesses showed much gratify in co-ordinating supply chain processes, the military was well organized to carry out logistics activities. More than a decade before business logistics developmental period, the military carried out what was called the most complex, best-planned logistics operation of that time-the invasion of Europe during World War II. Although the problems of the military, with its extremely high customer service requirements, were not identical with those of business, the similarities were great abundant to provide a valuable experience base during the developmental years of logistics.For example, the military alone maintained inventories valued at about one-third of those held by all U. s. manufacturers. In addition to the management experience that such large-scale operations provide, the military sponsored, and continues to sponsor, research in the logistics area through such organizations as the RAND Corporation and the Office of Naval Research. With this background, the field of business logistics began to grow. Even the term logistics seems to have had its origins in the military.A recent example of military logistics on a large scale was the conflict between the United States and Iraq over Iraqs invasion of the small country of Kuwait. This invasion has been described as the largest military logistics operation in history. The logistics support in that war is yet another illustration of what worldclass companies have always known Good logistics can be a source of competitive advantage. Lt General William Pagonis, in charge of logistics support for Desert Storm, observed When the Middle East started heating up, it seemed like a good time to pull out some history books on desert warfare in this region .But there was nothing on logistics. Logistics is not a best seller. In a couple of his diaries, Rommel talked about logistics. He thought the Germans lost the battle not because they didnt have great soldiers or equipment in fact, the German tanks outfought ours almost throughout World War II but because the British had better logistics. 17 LSCTMMOD1 Send for a FREE copy of our Prospectus book by airmail, telephone, fax or email, or via our websiteThe first wave of 200,000 troops and their equipment was deployed in a month and a half, whereas troop deployment took nine months in the Vietnam conflict. In addition, the application of many good logistics concepts was evident. Take customer service, for example We believed that if we took care of our troops, the objectives would be accomplished no matter whatever else happened. The soldiers are our customers. It is no different than a determined, singl e focus on customers that many successful businesses have.Now, you take care of your soldiers not only by providing them cold sodas, and burgers, and good food you make sure they have the ammunition on the front line, so that when they go fight the war they know they have what they need. This meant that when 120 mm guns rather than one hundred five mm guns were desired on tanks, they were changed. When brown vehicles were preferred over the traditional camouflage green, they were repainted at the rate of 7,000 per month. Environment Population growth and resultant economic development have heightened our awareness of environmental issues.Whether it is recycling, packaging materials, transporting hazardous materials or refurbishing products for resale, logisticians are involved in a major way. After all, the United States alone produces more than 160 million tons of waste each year, enough for a convoy of 10-ton garbage trucks reaching halfway to the moon. In many cases, planning f or logistics in an environmental setting is no different from that in manufacturing or service sectors. However, in a few cases additional complications arise, such as governmental regulations that make the logistics for a product more costly by extending the distribution channel.Business Logistics in the Firm It has been the tradition in many firms to organize around marketing and production functions. Typically, marketing means selling something and production means making something. Although few business people would agree that their organization is so simple, the fact remains that many businesses emphasize these functions while treating other activities, such as traffic, purchasing, accounting, and engineering, as support areas. Such an attitude is justified to a degree, because if a firms products cannot be produced and sold, little else matters.However, such a pattern is dangerously simple for many firms to follow in that it fails to recognize the importance of the activities that must take place between points and times of production or purchase and the points and times of demand. These are the logistics activities, and they affect the efficiency and effectiveness of both marketing and production. Scholars and practitioners of both marketing and production have not neglected the importance of logistics. In fact, each area considers logistics within its scope of action.For example, the following definition of marketing management includes physical distribution Marketing (management) is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion, and distribution of ideas, goods, and services to create exchanges with target groups that satisfy individual and organizational objectives. Marketings concern is to place its products or services in convenient distribution channels to facilitate the exchange process. The concept of production/ operations management often includes logistics activities.Now, viewing product flow activities as a proces s to be coordinated, product flow aspects within marketing, production, and logistics are collectively managed to achieve customer service objectives. The difference in operating objectives (maximize revenue versus minimize cost) for marketing and production/operations may lead to a fragmentation of interest in, and responsibility for, logistics activities, as well as a lack of co-ordination among logistics activities as a whole. This, in turn, may lead to lower customer service levels or higher total logistics costs than are necessary.Business logistics represents a regrouping, either by formal organizational structure or conceptually in the minds of management, of the move-store activities that historically may have been partly under the control of marketing and production/ operations. If logistics activities are looked upon as a separate area of managerial action, the relationship of logistics activities to those of marketing and production/ operations would be as is shown in Fi gure 1-7. Marketing would be primarily responsible for market research, promotion, sales-force management, and the product mix, which create possession value in the product.Production/ operations would be concerned with the creation of the product or service, which creates form value in the product. Key responsibilities would be quality control, production planning and scheduling, job design, capacity planning, maintenance, and work measurement and standards. Logistics would be concerned with those activities (previously defined) that give a product or service time and place value. This separation of the activities of the firm into three groupings rather than two is not always necessary or advisable to achieve the coordination of logistics activities that is sought.Marketing and production/operations, when broadly conceived and co-ordinated, can do an effective job of managing logistics activities without creating an additional organizational entity. Even if a separate functional ar ea is created for logistics within the firm so as to achieve effective control of the firms immediate logistics activities, logisticians will need to view their responsibility as one of coordinating the entire supply chain process rather than being just a local logistics activity administrator. To do otherwise may miss substantial opportunities for cost reduction and logistics customer service improvement.The interface is created by the positive separation of a firms activities into a limited number of functional areas. Managing the interface activities by one function alone can lead to sub-optimal performance for the firm by subordinating broader company goals to individual functional goals-a potential danger resulting from the departmental form of organizational structure so common in companies today. To achieve interfunctional coordination, some measurement system and incentives for cooperation among the functions involved need to be established.This is equally true of the inter -organizational co-ordination required to manage product flows across company boundaries. It is important to note, however, that establishing a third functional group is not without its disadvantages. Two functional interfaces now exist where only one between marketing and production/ operations previously existed. Some of the most difficult administrative problems arise from the interfunctional conflicts that occur when one is attempting to manage interface activities.Some of this potential conflict may be dissipated if a new organizational arrangement is created whereby production/ operations and logistics are merged into one group called supply chain. Just as managers are beginning to understand the benefits of interfunctional logistics management, inter-organizational management is being encouraged. Supply chain management proponents who view the area more broadly than some logisticians have been strongly promoting the need for collaboration among supply channel members that are outside the immediate control of a companyslogistician, that is, members who are legally separate companies. collaborationism among the channel members that are linked through buyer-seller relationships is essential to achieving cost-service benefits unable to be realized by managers with strictly an internal view of their responsibilities. Supply chain managers consider themselves to have responsibility for the entire supply channel of the scope as illustrated in Figure 1-8. Managing in this broader environment is the new challenge for the contemporary logistician. Objectives of Business Logistics/SCWithin the broader objectives of the firm, the business logistician seeks to achieve supply channel process goals that will move the firm toward its overall objectives. Specifically, the desire is to develop a logistics activity mix that will result in the highest possible return on investment over time. There are two dimensions to this goal (1) the impact of the logistics system desig n on the revenue contribution, and (2) the operating cost and capital requirements of the design. Ideally, the logistician should know how much additional revenue would be generated through additive improvements.