High School and Kyle

Being rich, famous and good looking has its up and downs. Kyle Kingsbury is a high school student who is currently in the ninth grade at Tuttle. He has the total package he has blonde hair blue eyes, he is good looking, tall, and rich. Kyle is the most popular boy at his high school. He is very rude to people that he considered were ugly. In his mind he thought that no ugly people should have a conversation with him. Kendra Hilferty decided to teach Kyle a lesson by punishing him for being rude to people. Kendra cast a spell on Kyle. The spell turned Kyle into an ugly hairy beast. This spell would last for two years. Kyle had to find someone who loved him for his personality because he now looks like a beast. She must also prove her love through a kiss to break the spell. He would not be able to use his money or his good looks to help him out in this situation. If Kyle does not find someone to love him for his personality within two years he would live a beast for the rest of his life. Kyle appearances as a beast are just as they seem. He walks upright almost as if he were a human. His teeth are now fangs. His fingers were now claws. Kyle hair was all over his body. I can’t touch Kyle in person, but I imagine that he would feel like a furry dog or monkey. Kyle voice became deeper as a beast. He would roar from time to time when he became upset. He would more than likely to have the smell of an animal such as a dog, monkey, or bear. I wouldn’t know what he taste like because he is a human beast that is not edible. Kyle would be treated differently as a beast because he was ugly and hairy. Most people wouldn’t want anything to do with him. They would be afraid of how big he was. His own father disowned him so you could imagine what a stranger would do for him. This spell will teach Kyle not to go around treating people differently just because they looked different, didn’t have any money, or didn’t fit into the particular popular crowd. Kyle is a young man that thinks that the world revolves around him. He was rich, good looking, and popular. He did not associate with people who he thought was ugly. He was rude to people on a regular basis. Kendra thought she would teach Kyle a lesson by casting a spell on him to turn him into a beast. He would now see and know firsthand what it feels like to be ugly and unpopular.

Jesse Pinkman Character Analysis

Humanities 103 October 20th , 2012 Character Analysis The character that I chose to analyze is Jesse Pinkman from the show Breaking Bad. Breaking Bad is considered to be one of the best shows of all times. The show alone won about 14 different awards and has been nominated for a variety of different categories and awards. Not to mention all the awards and nominations its actors, and director has received. The show has outstanding acting and quality production value. Breaking Bad is a story about a chemistry teacher Walter White who gets lung cancer and breaks bad to make money for his family before he passes away.He decides start making and distributing methamphetamine after having seen the amount of money it is able to bring in. Walter encounters Jesse while on a ride along with his brother-in-law who works as DEA agent, and that is when he gets idea to work with him. Jesse is Walter’s former student who is already involved in the drug scene, they start off together as a team when Walter makes a deal with Jesse not to turn him to the DEA, after having recognized him at the scene of a meth lab running away. The show takes them deeper into the hands of drug cartel as it goes on, and they go through a lot of absurd situations together.Jesse is a 25 year old man who is long estranged with his family . At a first glance you know nothing about Jesse besides the fact that he is what society would classify him as a low life. His occupation in the beginning is a meth cook, running a lab in a small house in house like conditions with his elementary school friend. As unappealing as his life might look to a viewer he is a very likable character, even in the beginning. We might conclude that Jesse is a high school drop out who has no further education is not very motivated to change anything about that.As a viever I did not see Jesse as one of the main characters for a long time in the first season. His role seemed to be somewhat unimportant in a way. Perhaps it is because of his lifestyle, and you are automatically assume he will be cut out because he is not very successful as a drug dealer that Walt expects him to be. But as the story develops and goes on Jesse actually becomes one of my most favored actors and characters. He is easy to be sympathetic to and in a strange way very relatable. You learn more and more about his character and his life, and values.At a much further part of the show a lot of his personal issues and life is uncovered. He comes from an upper-middle class family with parents with very high expectations. Getting a glimpse of his parents’ behavior with Jesse’s younger brother makes you realize that the reason why he is the way he is, is simply out of rebellion. Jesse was not a successful student at school, presumably because he was already using drugs even in his teen years. He was kicked out of his house by his parents because of his rebellious behavior. Jesse then moves into his aunt’s house who h as cancer, and he becomes her primary care giver.After his aunt passes away Jesse remains living in her home. As a person Jesse is relatable and believable, because in our society today we see more and more high school drop outs. Thinking back to high school I can see a lot of potential Jesses there. They have type of dialogue, clothing style, and behavioral problems. I remember seeing guys like that at parties and I knew I had to stay away, and keep my distance because they were either intimidating, or I simply did not want to associate myself with people like that. But men like are shaped because of rejection and unacceptance.As we get know Jesse we see a lot of good in him. Even though he is not close to his parents he has a good relationship with his younger brother, and is protective of him. Jesse takes the blame of having marijuana in his parents’ home after he tries to take shelter there again, but ends up getting kicked out again for fault of not his own. Jesse in gen eral is very protective over children and feels the need to keep them away from his own ways and lifestyle. He is very angered and upset whenever the story involved any kind of harm to a child.Even though Jesse acknowledges that he is a criminal, he has a very hard time dealing with any deaths involved and participating in murder. You could tell that he feels remorse and regret when a situation calls for murder and he is the one to have dealt with it. He doesn’t want to be involved in any criminal activities and wants to get his life straight. Taking that into consideration the viewer sees him as less of a villain, and desires for him to succeed and get better. When Jesse is faced with a stressful situation or one that involves a quick decision, he becomes very aggressive, and anxious.Having been forced into the bigger picture of the drug dealing world by Walter he is often reluctant and unreliable. He is often not taken serious due to his drug addiction, and doesn’t h ave much value to the antagonists of the show. However Jesse does transform from the person he was when he just entered that world to a more fully-grown man as the show develops. Walter’s and his ordeals teach him a lot of lessons and responsibilities in the business. But no matter the situation he never turns his back on Walter and persists to protect Walter from any potential risk to his life.There comes a point for Jesse where his value is being tested, and he proves himself valuable and loyal. Jesse cleans up his act and becomes sober, but still acts out on occasion. He is later placed under supervision of Mike, who is the go-to guy for sticky situations. Since Jesse has never had a good father figure, Mike becomes that to him, and Jesse begins to look up to him in a way. I think that Jesse was good asset in the show because he made it more believable as a story of the ordinary life. Aaror Paul is the actor who portrays Jesse and he does a wonderful job playing his charac ter, and has even gotten awards for it.Like I have previously said, Jesse is a very common type of a person we might see in out society today, and the acting by Aaron makes it easy to refer to those type of people. His transformation story is very touchy and convincing, and he might even develop emotional attachment to his character, leaving you wanting him to prevail his problems. The show unveils his potential as a person and shows all the good ethics in him, which perhaps was a â€Å"call to action† stunt to the viewers to reconsider opinions about stereotypes.

How Juno Beach Invasion Impacted the World and Canada Essay

How Juno Beach Invasion Impacted the World and Canada - Essay Example The battle did not only define the destiny of Canada but also had a huge influence on the world. The name D-Day means the day that military bombardments began in earnest, which included heavy landings on Normandy beaches. This battle acted as a defining moment in the history of Canada, where they showed a lot of resilience and bravery1. I have chosen to write about the Juno beach invasion first of all because my father is a veteran soldier who personally participated in it and secondly out of my interest in the events of the battle. My father was among those who fought the war to ensure that Canada emerged victorious. At the time of the invasion, my father was in the Royal Canadian Core of Signals (RCCS), at the third Canadian Infantry Division. His contribution to the success of the Canadian troops in fighting off German troops was quite significant. More particularly, he managed to go in on the third wave as a radio operator and set up communication lines that made communication be tween the Canadian troops effective and efficient. In addition, he was among the soldiers who drove the German troops out of Caen. My interest in the D-Day is particularly motivated by the fact that the battle that took place on the day is a major event which not only impacted on Canada but also shook the world. An overview of the D-Day Invasion Collaboration According to Copp, â€Å"the Allied Campaign in Normandy resulted in one great military victories in modern history†2. The events that took place during the battle demonstrate the extent to which collaboration is important in winning a battle of that involves several players. This is because the war was not won by a single country. Rather, it was won collaboratively by the Allied forces which mainly comprised the U.S., British and the Canadian forces3. The war began shortly after 5 a.m. on June 6, 1944, commonly referred to as the D-Day because of its significance to Canadians. The battle was fought between the Allied fo rces and Nazi Germans4. Since the battle had to be fought from different angles and directions, the Allied forces’ strategists assigned the Canadian troops a key role to play on the eventful day. They were â€Å"to take one of the five designated beaches where Allied forces were to land to begin the liberation of Europe from Nazi Germany†5. They were assigned the responsibility of taking charge of Juno Beach6. The U.S. troops, on the other hand, were to take up Omaha and Utah beaches located on the west even as the British troops took charge of Gold and Sword beaches. Out of their collaboration, the Allied forces won the victory, defeating the common enemy and emerged as a dominant force to reckon with in Europe and the world at large. Conflict The D-Day conflict revolved around the need to liberate Europe from Nazi Germans7. The conflict was catalyzed by increased oppression of people in Europe by the Nazi Germans. Members of the Allied camp felt that they needed to s tep in and restore peace in Europe. Unfortunately, attempts by the U.S., Canada, and Britain to liberate Europe peacefully failed. The Nazi Germans refused to cede ground peacefully prompting the Allied camp to use force. In just a day of the deadly fighting, the Allied forces emerged victorious against their German counterparts8. The most lethal seaborne invasion was aimed at sandy beaches found along the Normandy coast, east of the jutting Cotentin Peninsula and west of the Seine River.

James F. OGorman and Vitruvius Architectural Ideals Essay - 3

James F. OGorman and Vitruvius Architectural Ideals - Essay Example Design of buildings has been computerized to incorporate software that will come up with perfect designs. The architect and the client come up with the most viable design after considering costs, space and other limiting factors that may operate in the building process. A building program will enable the architect to come up how best to erect the building while considering the needs of the client and the state rules to be followed. This paper will elaborate on how the architectural design of the University of Minnesota Twin Cities compares to the Architecture by James O’Gorman and Vitruvius ideals. James O’Gorman ideals explain that the foundations of a building need to be firm so that the building is stable. Weak foundations will mean that the whole building will be weak hence it may collapse or repair will be expensive in case of damages on the building. The building program will entail a written expression of the building, and from this, the builders will incorporate the ideas to erect a stable building. The architect will work on the program to change it to a three-dimensional figure, which is the building. The shapes and sizes of the rooms in the building will be determined by the needs of clients of the building. The shape is determined by the type of building type, its purpose and the timeline the building is built (Gorman, 21). The Gothic cathedral is an example of a building in the historical context that applies the use of planning on the space of buildings. Symmetry is used in the designs to come up with buildings that will stand out as works of superior archi tectural designs. For buildings to be excellent works of architecture, symmetry needs to be applied to make buildings appealing to the viewer's eyes. The University of Minnesota twin cities express the idea of, firmness, symmetry, beauty  and space in its design.  

The Importance of the 1967 War Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Importance of the 1967 War - Essay Example Nasser had ways of knowing what really was going on in the armed forces and knew that they were inferior in quality Nasser was very fanatic towards USA as compared to Reynolds below is the example he quoted after 1967 defeat "If I started considering how strong America is and how strong I am, even before I started my calculations I should come to the conclusion that America has air, land, and sea superiority over us." Nasser did not lose his hope after the defeat from the Israelis in 1967. He was known to how to manipulate the emotions of the people in this regards he spoke to the public in his speech below: "Our enemies have succeeded in winning a military victory, but our country has not fallen, has not accepted defeat, but has decided to stand fast. They have applied economic pressure to us and, despite this pressure, we have not surrendered but have marched on. We have imposed restrictions on ourselves and have accepted these restrictions. Our enemies have failed to destroy us economically. Hence, there remains one thing for them to do-to strike at the domestic front and to break up the alliance of the people's working forces because if the domestic front collapses the hostile , imperialist forces and Israel will achieve the aims they have so far been unable to achieve .... Brothers, there is no alternative to victory for our nation. The nation is capable of achieving victory provided it mobilises its forces and benefits properly from its energy and conditions, and also if we can build up and safeguard our domestic front according to the needs of the battle mestic front is the pillar of the fighting front. We must expose, defeat and crush all enemy attempts to influence the domestic front." Reynolds believes that in june 1967 constituted... "Our enemies have succeeded in winning a military victory, but our country has not fallen, has not accepted defeat, but has decided to stand fast. They have applied economic pressure to us and, despite this pressure, we have not surrendered but have marched on. We have imposed restrictions on ourselves and have accepted these restrictions. Our enemies have failed to destroy us economically. Hence, there remains one thing for them to do-to strike at the domestic front and to break up the alliance of the people's working forces because if the domestic front collapses the hostile , imperialist forces and Israel will achieve the aims they have so far been properly from its energy and conditions, and also if we can build up and safeguard our domestic front according to the needs of the battle mestic front is the pillar of the fighting front. We must expose, defeat and crush all enemy attempts to influence the domestic front." Reynolds believes that in june 1967 constituted a crisis of faith for many "muslims

Animal Human Cultures Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Animal Human Cultures - Essay Example In this regards, Goodall (1993) narrated various instances illustrating the sufferings of both humans and nonhumans targeting on the role played by humans as protestors, when the human society itself is suffering by almost a similar degree. He even debates on the significance of such arguments or rather protests made by humans stating the sufferings of non-humans to be greater. It is in this context that the sufferings of human and nonhuman beings have emerged as a subject of great dispute suggesting that both should be provided with certain degree of prominence. Although unnecessary suffering of nonhumans is brutal, sufferings of human beings can also be proved as similarly terrible (Goodall, 1993, pp. 10-18). This paper describes the significances of suffering of nonhuman beings and human beings from different perspectives based on the statement of Goodall (1993) that â€Å"Who are we to say that the suffering of a human being is more terrible than the suffering of a nonhuman bein g, or that it matters more?† (pp. 15). The objective of the paper is to understand the viewpoints of both types of sufferings and develop a rational understanding towards the issue. Discussion There is rising awareness among the human society about abuse of nonhuman beings in zoos, forests, households and even circuses. ... There are also circumstances of suffering among humans with respect to being tortured by the police and other powerful status holders. At times, it has also been observed that the children are intentionally distorted after destroying their body limbs (such as eyes, hands or legs) in order to make them begging. Besides, humans were also sold in return of money or being forced to adopt prostitution and other unkind living styles. Thus, no matter how people raise voices against suffering of nonhuman beings, it cannot be misled by the fact that human beings also suffer from same misery compared to the nonhumans (Goodall, 1993, pp. 10-18). Value of Human and Nonhuman Beings There is increasing concern among people about the value of human as well as nonhuman beings. Generally, human beings attempt to increase cognizance about sufferings of nonhumans who are raised in firms, zoos, laboratories or in circuses developing legislation in order to protect them. However, they delude themselves b y believing that human also suffer similarly in comparison with nonhumans (Goodall, 1993, pp. 10-18). Based on this particular thought, it can be argued that in recent phenomenon, an increasing importance have been rendered towards protecting the genre of nonhuman species treating the humans to be the superior most and certainly the liable one to take the plunge. The increasing rate of environment protection awareness can also be identified as a rudiment towards such notions rather than focusing on their sufferings. But, does that mean values of nonhumans are more than the humans? It is true that nonhumans are imprisoned in zoos, and exploited for public entertainment. They are

Retirement Gamble Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Retirement Gamble - Movie Review Example There is an important concept that is brought about in the video concerning the availability of actively managed funds that are worthy the value of investors’ money. The authors argue that there are no actively managed funds that can add value to the investors’ investments. I disagree with the argument because there are several beneficial actively managed funds in the market. Moreover, Christine Marcks, the head of Prudential Retirement, argues that she is not aware of any research findings showing the advantages of low cost index investments over the high cost active management. The general public needs to be made aware that the task of finding and determining whether the actively managed funds are worthy the investors’ money should lie under the responsibility of investment accountants. Research shows that one third of Americans do not have any retirement saving plans. Nevertheless, half of the American population think that they cannot save enough funds for th eir retirement. These findings show how uninformed many employees are. There is the need to have investment consultants who will enable the investors to choose the best retirement saving plans to suit their needs. However, it has not addressed the following question; is there any single 401 (k) plan that investors can rely on? This question is important because it will help in solving the current problems facing employees rather than blaming the financial industries for taking too much money from investors while offering little value in return.

Response and Opinion Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Response and Opinion Paper - Essay Example Apology, the dialogue reveals the tension that persisted between citizens in society, who discovered the tyrannical government and its regressive tendencies. Religion was employed to pacify the masses to follow particular norms and traditions that defined morality, but Socrates in his defense criticizes its exploitation and misuse of authority. For instance, he mocks the jury when he requests free meals for the rest of his life to be his sentence, but is later sentenced to death. Socrates dislike and disregard for the political system is extended in his third dialogue Crito where he decides to remain after the jury sentences him to death when found guilty. Even though, his second text Apology neglects his accusers, the system almost reigns supreme when he complies with the unjust laws of Athens and waits for his execution. I believe Socrates did not loathe interplay between religion and politics, but despised the manner rulers wielded power and influence over the masses. Finally, his last dialogue, Meno takes a sudden twist when though Socrates appeared to have lost the battle of justice, his dislike for the political system is seen when he decided to self-administer his death. He remained unconvinced by the jury’s verdict and considered his fate not in their hands. The dialogue is full of debate between Immortality and soul and subtly implies the inevitability of the continued existence of the soul. It is apparent battles characterize the history of philosophy, especially between camps debating major issues about human existence. One major debate is the source of knowledge and this argument pits rationalists against empiricists. Even though, rationalists claim the starting point of human knowledge is reasoning, I believe the beginning of human knowledge is sense experience (Carrutheras 123). It is the human senses that provide us with the original data concerning events in the world. Without the raw data obtained through sense experience, then knowledge

Corporate social responsibility influence consumers behavior Dissertation

Corporate social responsibility influence consumers behavior - Dissertation Example The presentation and discussions of variables that were collected by use of the questionnaire are therefore undertaken below. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION General Information Gender of Respondents From the responses that were received, it was found upon sorting of responses according to the gender or sex of respondents that forty three (43) of the respondents were females whereas eight (8) respondents were males. From the data, it can be said that there was an apathy on the side of the males when it comes to responding to customer behavior related questions as the ratio of males to females is more than 1:5. In relation to the literature reviewed, it can be said that there are more females who are more enthused about keeping a specific shopping (customer) behavior as compared to males. Age of Respondents Two major categorizations were provided for respondents to choose from in terms of their ages. From the coding that was done, it was realized that a specified pattern as shown in the age gr oupings of respondent. From the responses, it can be noted that there were more respondents within the age group of 18 to 24, which had as many as 43 call ups as compared to those aged 25 to 34 within just 8 call ups. This trend could actually suggest that M&A has more young customers as compared to older customers. Among other reasons, the fact that most products and services offered by the company are highly oriented for tertiary education students who often fall in the age group of 18 to 24 (Burke et al, 2006). Employment Status of Respondents Respondents were asked to indicate as part of the general and demographic information, their employment status. The responses that were sampled have been presented in the table below. Employment Status Number of Respondents Percentage Part time student 1 1.86 Full time student 45 83.3 Unemployed 3 5.56 Part time employed 2 3.702 Full time employed 3 5.56 Retired 0 0 Total 54 100 From the table, it can be seen that as many as 83.3% of the re spondents were full time students. This is a direct confirmation of literature that M&S is more popular among tertiary education students because of the line of products and services that the company offers. Other contributing factors to this are the strategic location of shops undertaken by M&A in various university campuses as a marketing strategy (Weber, 2010). 5.56% each were unemployed and full time employed workers whiles 3.7% were part time employed workers. There was 1.86% part time student with no retiree answering to the questionnaire. Average income of respondents A range was set for the average annual earning or income of respondents. The range was given ?10,000 interval and responses from participants is represented below. Annual income Number of Respondents Percentage 0 to 10,000 45 88.24 10,001 to 20,000 3 5.88 20,001 to 30,000 3 5.88 30,001 to 40,000 0 0 Over 40,000 0 0 Retired 0 0 Total 51 100 The table shows that greater percentage of respondents too an annual sala ry of ?10,000 or less. Their percentile is given as 88.24 whereas those who took more than ?10,000 but less than ?20,000 had a percentage representation of 5.88%. The same percentage was recorded for those taking between ?20,000 and ?30,000. Based on literature that shopping activities are common among people who make average minimum wage

The Use of Light in Bill Henson and Caravaggios Work Essay Example for Free

The Use of Light in Bill Henson and Caravaggios Work Essay Through the use of light, artists continue to receive a strong emotional response from the audience. This is an essential element of an audience’s perception of a work – it may determine whether the artwork is perceived as happy or depressing, or even provides the difference between whether the work is friendly and welcoming, or shocking and confronting. Artists have used light for a long time to stimulate the emotions of the viewer. Two artists that have used this technique are Bill Henson and Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio, or more simply known as just Caravaggio. Bill Henson is a contemporary Australian photographer, born in 1955, while Caravaggio was an Italian painter (1571 – 1610). When Henson’s photographs are viewed through the subjective frame, they are looking to induce an emotional response from the viewer, while through the cultural frame, they are depicting the themes and issues of adolescence, isolation, the urban landscape and more. When Caravaggio’s work is similarly viewed through these two frames, his paintings induce an emotional response from the viewer, and his work is culturally significant. His paintings are often depicting scenes from history, a recurring theme being religious scenes from the bible. There is a similar key tool used by both artists to reach their audience. This is their use of light. Both Bill Henson’s and Caravaggio’s work includes a similar dominant stylistic device. This device is called ‘chiaroscuro’, which is an Italian term, meaning ‘light-dark’. It refers to the tonal contrasts used in art. Caravaggio was a pioneer of a style of painting called Tenebrism (literally translating to ‘murky’), in which a leading aspect was the dramatic lighting and prominent, heightened chiaroscuro. Caravaggio’s use of tenebrism brought a dramatic feel to the subjects, heightening the emotional intensity of the work. This intensity was then transferred to the viewers through the subjects of Caravaggio’s works. The subjects were most often realistic human figures, which made the work extremely easy to sympathise with. Caravaggio effectively portrayed emotion in his paintings, dramatising his figures and bringing a story into his work. This is why his art was so successful in reaching his audience and connecting him with the art world. This is a similar concept in Henson’s work. Most of his subjects are human figures, assisting him in the representation of his ideas in a confronting, direct, and sometimes controversial way. The way that Henson achieves the same effect of chiaroscuro in his photographs as Caravaggio does in his paintings, is through his underexposure and adjustment in printing. Henson’s work is powerful, creating an illusion of both a painting and a film through a combination of different techniques that make his work unique. The most prominent feature and device of Henson’s work is his use of light. The majority of his work features dark tones and colours, sometimes slightly tinted with yellow, red or blue. The brighter portions of Henson’s photographs and his use of light is tactically well controlled to uncover only crucial details. In some of his photographs, Henson juxtaposes the colourful yet mysterious, distant city lights through the use of bokkeh, with the underexposed, graphic images of the subject in the foreground. Some examples of this in his work include several images from the Untitled 2000/01 series, such as the girl sitting, the girl that is lying down, yet at the same time positioned so to look as if she is in flight, and another image of a girl lying on her stomach, Untitled #52. A combination of all of these devices is how Henson creates a mood for his photographs and opens his art to the world. He attracts the attention of audience and raises their awareness of a situation and his view of it, yet he still leaves his work open for interpretation and analysis. In a way, Henson’s work is almost haunting. It allows the viewer to feel as if they are almost spying on the subjects of Henson’s photographs. This is achieved by the way his photographs seem to stare right past the viewer, carrying on with their actions. This forces the audience to consider whether these are really models or actors, or if they are real life, documented figures. This is seen in his photograph of the girl in Untitled 2000/01. Through the use of chilling tones and contrast, along with his use of bokkeh, Henson allows the viewer to interpret the image in several different ways. The soft, pastel blue tinge on the girl’s skin suggests an almost unhealthy and dirty look, while the blurred city lights in the background aid with the image’s sense of mystery. This feeling of â€Å"spying on the subject† is also seen in Henson’s work Untitled 1994/95, as well as Untitled 1995/96 series where Henson’s use of white space highlights the possibility of a peephole or vantage point of sorts into the image’s environment. This is also a prime example of how Henson uses light to stimulate the emotions of the viewer. Surprisingly, during the time of their exhibition, Henson’s works did not spark much controversy, despite the particularly touchy subject of nude adolescent girls being exhibited in them. It was more recently, however, that a controversial issue was debated about Henson’s works, and a police investigation had even been issued, as well as Prime Minister Kevin Rudd commented on Henson’s works, and referred to them as â€Å"absolutely revolting†, of â€Å"no artistic merit† and â€Å"that Bill Henson† was becoming a notorious household name. For Henson, this criticism was nothing out of the ordinary. It was the product of his works being open for varying interpretations from his audience. His works empower the audience to experience their own diverse selection of emotions, and these emotions vary by interpretation. Caravaggio’s use of chiaroscuro was very unique. Artists had used it before him, but he was the one who perfected the technique and used it flawlessly throughout his works. Caravaggio’s work was emotionally provoking for audiences, as the severe contrast of shadow and light created a new feeling of passion in his paintings, mixed with harsh reality. There is no doubt that Henson was influenced by Caravagesques and Tenebrists. Caravaggio was an expert in darkening the shadows in his work and drawing attention to the subject by placing them in a mesmerizing light. Some examples of his work where he did this include Judith Beheading Holofernes, 1598/99, as well as The Entombment of Christ, 1602/03. These are only two examples, but his use of chiaroscuro is seen throughout every one of his works. Not only did this technique fixate the attention of the viewer on the subject, it heightened their emotional response to the painting. All his paintings scream of, and were filled with, drama and emotion, and the key component of him achieving this was through his use of light, almost burning the image into the viewer’s brain. Both Bill Henson and Caravaggio are surprisingly similar in several ways. Both their works are realistically appealing, yet confronting. Henson creates painterly photographs, while Caravaggio successfully creates cinematic paintings. However, there is one particular thing that ties these two artists together and shows their similarity exceptionally well, and this is their extensive use of light to set a mood to their work, and to evoke an emotional response from their audience. â€Å"Work a great deal with evening effects, a lamp, a candle, etc. The tantalizing thing is not always the source of light, but the effect of light. † – Edgar Degas.

Case Study Oil Pollution In Malaysia

Case Study Oil Pollution In Malaysia Nowadays maritime operations have been seriously affected by the environmental issues. The environmental issues have become the challenges for shipping. Marine companies, ship owners, port operators, shipyard, bunker, dealers are now giving the concern to the maritime cleanliness. Marine environmental issues include the matters such as oil pollution, prevention to control of funnel emissions and from the dumping of rubbish to use of antifouling. The impacts of shipping and ports on the marine environment have brought an interest to the community. Even though shipping industry always seen as environmental friendly, however, they still contribute to pollution. Shipping industry is seen as environmental friendly because the impact of pollution brought by shipping is much lesser than the road and also air. In the year 1990, 12% of marine pollutants estimated were caused by the marine transport. The impacts that brought by shipping and port activities are through operational and also accidents. These impacts may lead to wide range of marine habitats. So, legislation regarding environmental and also shipping activities is set to increase in the next ten years to minimize the risk that brought by port activities. In our paper, we will outline: Cases that regard marine environmental issue Consequences of shipping on the environment Laws and regulations and also maritime organizations in minimizing the marine environment problem 2.0 Case Study: OIL POLLUTION IN MALAYSIA The marine pollution has now become a crucial issue that drawn the concerns of many countries. This issue was seen as it will generate a great negative effect towards living creatures on the earth. There are many sources that contributed to marine pollution, which mostly are the land-based sources and vessel-based. So, to proceed into deeper understanding on marine pollution, our focus would be on the vessel-based or sea transportation as one of the causes to the marine pollution. To talk about the sea transportation, it eventually referring to marine transport and the activities at ports. Cargo and oil ports usually are not the major cause to the pollution. However, it only occurred when there are the shipping accidents, oil spills and so on. Especially to the busiest traffic route, accidents tend to happen frequently. It cannot be blame that the water shipping is now increasing due to more and more open trade in international level. When there is the open trade, more trade activities between nations occur, therefore in order to deliver those goods, people prefer to choose water transport, as it is less expensive than other kind of transportation. Hence, more vessels are operating to fulfill those requests. As the consequences, more vessels indicate the increasing of the possibilities of the accidents may occur and more pollution. For instance, the Straits of Malacca and the South China Sea is the major commercial shipping route between the India Ocean and the Pacific Ocean. The Straits of Malacca is exposed to a serious vessel-based marine pollution due to heavy volume of shipping passing through it. From the annual report of Malaysian Maritime Enforcement Agency, it stated that in 2010, there are more than 75000 vessels passed through the Straits. Thus, those vessels that passed through are believed to discharge the pollutants that make significant to marine pollution such as oil and grease into the water from the activities of tank cleaning, bilging, deballasting and bunkering. Table 1.0 on below presents that the number of vessels that stop by the major ports along the Straits of Malacca from 2000 to 2002. From the statistics, Penang and Port Klang were the busiest ports compared to others. Table 1.0 Number of Vessels by Major Ports in the Straits of Malacca (2001-2002) PORT 2000 2001 2002 PENANG 7,263 7,460 7,328 PORT KLANG 12,804 1,303 13,175 SUNGAI UDANG 955 1,066 987 PORT DICKSON 1,185 1,152 908 MALACCA 1,356 1,090 1,137 TG. BRUAS 461 462 423 TOTAL 24,024 24,533 23,958 (Source retrieved from Marine Department, Malaysia) Besides that, the oil pollution at the Malaysian coastal waters also may come from the vessel operation, tanker accidents, and oil exploration and so on. (Law, Ravinthar Yeong, 1990). Since the arising of the number of vessels on the sea, it could not be help with the shipping accidents may come out as the heavy maritime traffic. During the period between 1975 and 1987, the shipping accidents that occurred in Malaysian water were more than ten cases. From those accidents, the calculation of the crude oil that spilled and released into marine environment was about 23,000 tons. In which, that amount of oil pollution was equivalent to an average of 150 ships per day that crossing the Straits of Malacca (Finn et al. 1979). Table 2.0 Type of vessels that involved in accident in Malaysia (2008 to 2011) TYPE OF VESSEL / YEAR 2008 2009 2010 2011 TANKER 9 19 14 17 BULK CARRIER 1 5 5 2 CONTAINER 3 6 10 5 OFFSHORE SUPPORT VESSEL 1 3 7 14 CARGO 10 13 10 9 OTHER 17 27 13 15 (Source retrieved from Marine Department, Malaysia) Table 2.0 shows that the type of vessels that involved in accident from 2008 to 2011. From the statistics, it indicated the pollution that caused by the vessels at the same time. As well as the activity that related to handling of crude oil and refined oil at the terminals and the port will also contribution to oil pollution, because in some circumstances, sometimes during the process of transferring the oil from an oil tanker to oil terminal will eventually cause the oil leaking and go into the sea. For example, the oil handling activities and heavy maritime tanker vessels that goes through the Straits of Malacca that cause the drop of quality of coastal waters at the Port Dickson (Law, Ravinthar Yeong, 1990). TABLE 3.0 Oil Spill Incidents in Malaysia Waters Year (1976-1997) Year Name of Ship Location Cause Type and Quantity of Oil Spill 1977 ASIAN The Straits of Malacca Collision Fuel oil 60 tons 1978 ESSO MERSIA The South China Sea Collision Fuel oil 505 tons 1979 FORTUNE The South China Sea Collision Crude oil 10000 tons 1980 LIMA The Straits of Singapore Collision Crude oil 700 tons 1981 MT OCEAN TRASURE The Straits of Malacca Human Error Fuel oil 1050 tons 1984 BAYAN PLATFORM The South China Sea Human Error Crude oil 700 tons 1986 BRIGHT DUKE/MV PANTAS The Straits of Malacca Collision 1987 MV STOLT ADV The Straits of Singapore Grounding Crude oil 2000 tons 1987 ELHANI PLATFORM The Straits of Singapore Grounding Crude oil 2329 tons 1988 GOLAR LIE The Straits of Singapore Grounding 1992 NAGASAKI SPIRIT Near Medan, Indonesia Collision Crude oil 13000 tons 1997 EVOIKOS/ORADIN GLOBAL The Straits of Singapore Collision Fuel oil 25000 tons 1997 AN TAI The Straits of Malacca Material Fatigue Fuel oil 237 tons (Source retrieved from Marine Department, Malaysia) From the data, it shown the numerous of oil spill incidents happened in around Malaysia Waters. It indicated the seriousness of the marine pollution issue at the same time. Especially the crude oil is very difficult to clean up, and it may last for years in sediments. As the consequences of oil pollution, it develops huge impact to surroundings not only to marine ecosystem but also to all-kind living ecosystem either directly or indirectly as they are chain together and interdependent to each other. Therefore, in order to tackle down the oil pollution issue, there are many enactments that related to water transport were drafted by Malaysian government as an effort to reduce the issues. As the example, Merchant Shipping (Oil Pollution) Act 1994, this act was introduced to impose punishment and civil liability in the form of payment compensation to any vessel that caused pollution damage within the area of Malaysia. For such, the owner of the ship will liable and subject to fines. At the same time, Malaysian government and other victims able to claimed compensation against the owner for the damage that caused. The oil pollution damages are include of the property damage, the clean-up cost at the sea and on-shore, as well as the economic loss such as marine culture industries and tourism sectors. In the international level, MARPOL 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ship. It was drafted to reduce the marine pollution, including dumping, oil and others. Its objective is to preserve the marine ecosystem through the complete elimination of oil pollution and other harmful substances and yet to minimize the accidental discharge of those pollutants. Hence, in this treaty, states that signed are bound to the obligation on preserving the marine ecosystem. In a part of conclusion, the water transportation is considered to be related to environmental issue. Though it may be in minor interrelated but I believed it should be taken in great concern as the problems that created may develop great impacts to all. So, I think the awareness should be took place before a worst situation it can be developed into that could be out of control. Case study: Sea Garbage In this modern century, every things is going in the rapid rate, every country is try to develop become a modern and developed, wish to change from the developing country to developed country, this for sure that the technology keep on upgrade to achieve it. When the positive things happen, at the same time have the negative things happen, because of the technology keep on upgrading, on the same time the waste is keep on increasing too. The world is changing time by time, previously the world is not the world of today. This is also happening on the Sea. The sea of today is so polluted; here I would like to explain to some case about the sea and what is going on in the real situation. First and foremost, I would like to says that the sea pollution is when the chemicals, particles, industrial, agricultural and residential waste, noise or the spread of invasive organisms get in to the ocean, is may cause to become potential harmful or harmful effects it happen the sea pollution. Later on I will discuss about how the ship release those rubbish in to the sea and how it affect the sea. Thos garbage will affect the whole ecosystem. We will show out a table about how many years needed for the garbage to digest. Garbage from ships can be just as deadly to marine life as oil or chemicals. This will affect the whole worlds not just the sea as well as our human being. Here I would like to talk about more how the sea gets polluted. The greatest danger comes from plastic, as we know that plastic needed some couple of year only can disappear and which can float for years. Fish and marine mammals or the animal stay inside the sea can in some cases mistake plastics for food and t hey can also become trapped in plastic ropes, nets, bags and other item even such some innocuous items as the plastic rings used to hold cans of beer and drinks together. From the common sense and logical think that, all this rubbish make by our beloved human being. How dirty the sea is show how the human treat the sea, and it is clear that a good deal of the garbage washed up on beaches comes from people on shore. During holiday makers who leave their rubbish on the beach, fishermen who simply throw unwanted refuse over the side, or from towns and cities that dump rubbish into rivers or the sea is also the way how they polluted the sea. But in some areas most of the rubbish found comes from passing ships which find it convenient to throw rubbish overboard rather than dispose of it in ports. For the old tradition and the older century, many people believed that the oceans could absorb anything that was thrown into them, but this is not true, this attitude has changed along with greater awareness of the environment. Many items can be degraded by the seas, but term and condition apply, the things can absorb by sea and the process can take months or years, as the following table shows: Time taken for objects to dissolve at sea Paper bus ticket 2-4 weeks Cotton cloth 1-5 months Rope 3-14 months Woolen cloth 1 year Painted wood 13 years Tin can 100 years Aluminum can 200-500 years Plastic bottle 450 years Source: Hellenic Marine Environment Protection Association (HELMEPA) The MARPOL Convention sought to eliminate and reduce the amount of garbage being dumped into the sea from ships. The Marine Environment Protection Committee (MEPC) is the International Maritime Organizations major technical body concerned with the prevention and control of pollution from ships. It is aided in its work by a number of subcommittees. The Department participates in the work of the Committee and a number of the subcommittees. The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) leads Australias work in MEPC. The most important convention regulating and preventing pollution of the marine environment by ships is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). The technical requirements of this Convention are included in six separate Annexes: -Annex I Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Oil -Annex II Regulations for the Control of Pollution by Noxious Liquid Substances in Bulk -Annex III Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Harmful Substances Carried by Sea in Packaged Form -Annex IV Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Sewage from Ships -Annex V Regulations for the Prevention of Pollution by Garbage from Ships -Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships. In the Annex I Prevention of pollution by oil, the Annex II Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances, the Annex IV Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships and the Annex V Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships, MARPOL defines certain sea areas as special areas in which, for technical reasons relating to their oceanographically and ecological condition and to their sea traffic, the adoption of special mandatory methods for the prevention of sea pollution is required. Under the Convention, these special areas are provided with a higher level of protection than other areas of the sea. Adoption, entry into force date of taking effect of Special Areas Special Areas Adopted # Date of Entry into Force In Effect From Annex V: Garbage Mediterranean Sea 2 Nov 1973 31 Dec 1988 1 May 2009 Baltic Sea 2 Nov 1973 31 Dec 1988 1 Oct 1989 Black Sea 2 Nov 1973 31 Dec 1988 * Red Sea 2 Nov 1973 31 Dec 1988 * Gulfs area 2 Nov 1973 31 Dec 1988 1 Aug 2008 North Sea 17 Oct 1989 18 Feb 1991 18 Feb 1991 Antarctic area (south of latitude 60 degrees south) 16 Nov 1990 17 Mar 1992 17 Mar 1992 Wider Caribbean region including the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea 4 Jul 1991 4 Apr 1993 1 May 2011 Annex VI Regulations for the Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships establishes certain sulphur oxide (SOx) Emission Control Areas with more stringent controls on sulphur emissions. Under Annex V of the Convention, garbage includes all kinds of food, domestic and operational waste, excluding fresh fish, generated during the normal operation of the vessel and liable to be disposed of continuously or periodically. Annex V totally prohibits of the disposal of plastics anywhere into the sea, and severely restricts discharges of other garbage from ships into coastal waters and Special Areas. The Annex also obliges Governments to ensure the provision of reception facilities at ports and terminals for the reception of garbage. The special areas established under Annex V are: the Mediterranean Sea the Baltic Sea Area the Black Sea area the Red Sea Area the Gulfs area the North Sea the Wider Caribbean Region and Antarctic Area These are areas which have particular problems because of heavy maritime traffic or low water exchange caused by the land-locked nature of the sea concerned. The Garbage Record Book must be kept for a period of two years after the date of the last entry. This regulation does not in itself impose stricter requirements but it makes it easier to check that the regulations on garbage are being adhered to as it means ship personnel must keep track of the garbage and what happens to it. It may also prove an advantage to a ship when local officials are checking the origin of dumped garbage if ship personnel can adequately account for all their garbage, they are unlikely to be wrongly penalised for dumping garbage when they have not done so. All ships of 400 gross tonnage and above and every ship certified to carry 15 persons or more will have to carry a Garbage Management Plan, to include written procedures for collecting , storing, processing and disposing of garbage, including the use of equipment on board. The Garbage Management Plan should designate the person responsible for carrying out the plan and should be in the working language of the crew. The Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping of Wastes and Other Matter 1972 (the London Convention) was one of the first global conventions to protect the marine environment from human activities and has been in force since 1975. Its objective is to promote the effective control of all sources of marine pollution and to take all practicable steps to prevent pollution of the sea by dumping of wastes. Currently, 86 States are Parties to this Convention. In 1996, the London Protocol was adopted to modernize the Convention and, eventually, replace it. The London Protocol entered into force in March 2006 and currently has 38 Parties. Under the Protocol all dumping is prohibited, but Parties may issue permits to allow the dumping of the following specified materials, subject to certain conditions: dredged material; sewage sludge; fish wastes; vessels and platforms; inert, inorganic geological material (e.g., mining wastes); organic material of natural origin; bulky items primarily comprising iron, steel and concrete; and Carbon dioxide streams from carbon dioxide capture processes for sequestration (CCS). 3.0 Consequences of Shipping to the Environment The environmental effects of shipping including greenhouse gas emission and oil pollution. Carbon dioxide emissions from shipping currently estimate at 4 to 5 percent of the global total, and estimated by the International Maritime Organization (IMO) to increases up to 72 percent by 2020 if no action is taken. There is little argument about the truth that shipping is the most carbon-efficient mode of transportation. According to recent report of an IMO expert working group, international maritime shipping accounts for 2.7% of annual global greenhouse gas emissions. Shipment also produces smaller amount of exhaust gas emissions which include nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons, particulates, carbon monoxide and sulphur dioxide for each ton transportation of one kilometer than air or road transport. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Ship_pumping_ballast_water.jpg Ballast water discharges by ships can have a negative impact on the marine environment. Cruise ships, large tankers, and bulk cargo carriers use a huge amount of ballast water which often taking in the coastal waters in one area after ships discharge waste water or unload cargo, and discharged at the next port of call wherever more cargo is loaded. Ballast water discharge typically contains a variety of biological materials, including plants, animals, viruses, and bacteria where it includes non-native, nuisance, invasive, exotic species that can cause extensive ecological and economic damage to aquatic ecosystems. Noise pollution caused by shipping has increased in recent history. The noises produced by ships can travel for a long distances. Marine species that may rely on sound for their communication, orientation, and feeding can be harmed by this sound pollution. The Convention of the Conservation of Migratory Species had identified ocean noise as a possible treating marine life. Oil spills usually associated with ship pollution but less frequent than the pollution those results from daily operations which oil spills have devastating effects. At the same time, it being toxic to marine life which polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are the components in crude oil. It is very difficult to clean up and last for many years in the sediment and marine environment. Marine species regularly exposed to PAHs can exhibit developmental problems, susceptibility to disease and abnormal reproductive cycles. One of the more widely known spills was the Exxon Valdez incident in Alaska. The ship ran aground and dumped a huge amount of oil into the ocean in March 1989. Grey water is waste water from the sinks, galleys, laundry, showers and cleaning activities on board a ship. It can contain a variety of pollutant substances, including focal coli forms, detergents, oil and grease, organic compounds, metals, petroleum hydrocarbons, nutrients, food waste, medical and dental waste. Untreated grey water from cruise ships can contain pollutants at uneven strengths and it can contain levels of focal coli form bacteria several times greater than which typically found in untreated domestic waste water. Grey water has potential to cause unpleasant environmental effects because of concentrations of nutrients and other oxygen-demanding materials particularly. Grey water is typically the greatest source of liquid waste generated by cruise ships which is 90 to 95 percent of the total. Solid waste generated on a ship includes glass, paper, aluminium, cardboard, steel cans, and plastics. It can be either hazardous or non-hazardous in nature. Solid waste which enters the ocean may become marine debris which can pose a threat to marine organisms, humans, coastal communities and industries that utilize marine waters. Cruise ships usually manage solid waste by combination of source reduction, waste minimisation and recycling. However, there are 75 percent of solid waste is incinerated on board and the ash typically is discharged at sea although some is for disposal or recycling. Marine mammals, sea turtles, fish and birds can be hurt or killed from entanglement with plastics and other solid waste that may be released from cruise ships. Typically, each cruise ship passenger produces at least two pounds of non-hazardous solid waste each day. With large cruise ships carrying several thousand of passengers, the amount of waste generated in a day can be huge. For a large cru ise ship, about 8 tons of solid wastes are generated during a one-week cruise. Next is the impact of the ships. Marine mammals such as whales and manatees face the risks to be struck by ships which will cause injury and death to them. For example, if a ship is travelling at a speed of only 15 knots, there is 79 percent chance of a collision being lethal to a whale. The greatest danger to the North Atlantic right whale is injury sustained from the strikes of the ship. From 1970 to 1999, 35.5 percent of recorded deaths were attributed to collisions. During 2004 to 2006, the number been increased to 2.6 deaths from the collisions has become an extinction threat nowadays. During the shipment, leakages of oil from the ship engine and machinery spaces or from engine maintenance activities and then mixes with water in the bilge, at which the lowest part of the hull of the ship. Oil, gasoline, and also by-products from the biological breakdown of petroleum can harm fish and all the wildlife. As a result, it poses threats to human health if ingested. Oil which even in small concentrations can killed fish or having various sub-lethal chronic effects. Bilge water may also contain solid wastes and pollutants that have high amounts of oxygen-demanding material, oil and other chemicals. A typical large cruise ship will produce an average of 8 metric tons of oily bilge water for each 24 hours of operation. To maintain ship stability and remove potentially hazardous conditions from oil vapours in these areas, the bilge spaces need to be flushed and pumped dry at regular intervals. But before a bilge can be cleared out and the water discharged, the oil that has be en accumulated has to be extracted from the bilge water after the extracted oil can be reused, incinerated or offloaded in port. If a separator, which is normally used to extract the oil, is faulty or deliberately bypassed, this will cause untreated oily bilge water to be discharged directly into the ocean, as consequence it will damage marine life. Exhaust emissions from ships are measured as a significant source of air pollution with 18% to 30% of all nitrogen oxide and 9% of sulphur oxide pollution. By the year of 2010, up to 40% of air pollution over land was come from the ships. The sulphur containing in the air creates acid rain which will damages crops and buildings. When inhaled the sulphur, it is known to cause respiratory problems and even increase the risk of having heart attack. The fuel used in oil tankers and container ships contain high amount of sulphurs and is cheaper to buy compared to the fuel used for domestic land use. A ship eliminates around 50 times more sulphur than a lorry per metric tonne of cargo carried. Air pollution from cruise ships is produced by diesel engines that burn high sulphur content fuel oil which also known as bunker oil, which producing sulphur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and particularly addition to carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and hydrocarbons. Diesel exhaust has been classified by E PA as human carcinogen. EPA recognizes that these emissions from marine diesel engines contribute to ozone and carbon monoxide nonattainment and adverse health effects associated with ambient concentrations of particulate matter and visibility, haze, acid deposition, and eutrophication and nitrification of water. It is important for the industry to continuously work to reduce its environmental impact as the increases of size and global nature of the shipping industry and there is evidence that the industry has made significant progress. The fuel efficiency of container ships of 4500 TEU capacity has improved 35 percent between the year of 1985 and 2008. Comparison between a modern 12,000 TEU ship built in the year of 2007 and 1500 TEU container built in the year of 1976 has shows the carbon efficiency on per-mile cargo volume basis has been improved 75 percent in 30 years times. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/Harbor_seals_on_Douglas_breakwater.JPG/220px-Harbor_seals_on_Douglas_breakwater.JPG 4.0 International response toward maritime environment issue (laws and regulations, maritime organization) Under the globalization, economic relationships around the world have grown much closer. Shipping is the most international high growth logistic industry of the worlds industries, serving 89.6 per cent of global trade by carrying huge quantities of cargo in the ocean. However, shipping has bring along many negative impacts to environment includes ballast water, greenhouse gas emissions, oil pollution and others. Actions have to be taken in order to overcome and tackle the problems. First and foremost, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) which is a specializes agency of the United Nations with 169 Member States and with around 300 international staff and three Associate Members play the important role in order to response and solving the maritime environmental issues. IMO provide a forum for cooperation among Governments in the field of governmental regulations and practices relating to all kinds of shipping engaged in international trade, facilitating the adoption of comprehensive multilateral treaties for a wide range of technical measures and in particular, the adoption of the highest standard to enhance safety, security, efficiency in shipping and prevention marine pollution from ships. For issue of oil pollution, the large volume of oil transported, combined with heavy shipping traffic and poor navigation conditions, make a high risk for oil spills from shipping accidents. For example, about 20% of the accidents in the Malacca Straits involved oil tankers. Most of these tanker accidents were due to collisions and groundings and many resulted in severe oil pollution in the Straits. Toward this issue, IMO seeks to promote technical cooperation to this end by cooperating fully with other organizations within the United Nations family and relevant international, regional and non-governmental organizations to ensure a coordinated approach to the problem and to avoid wasteful duplication of efforts. As the basic philosophy hold by IMO there always if a regional agreement or treaty is to remain viable is must be provided with a minimum of institutional support. In the field of marine pollution prevention and response, for example oil pollution in Malacca Straits and Singa pore, IMO has over the years played a significant catalytic role in helping the littoral states bordering the Straits and other ASEAN countries to develop their infrastructure and human resources potential to deal with marine pollution incidents. The efforts included the development of the ASEAN Oil Spill Response Action Plan and the development of the OSPAR Programme. Since shipping become an important activity in global trade, the steel hulled vessels to ship design als

Perfect Competition :: Brisbane Australia Restaurants

Brisbane, Australia, is the third largest city; where it serves up some of Australia’s best culinary finds. There is a marvellous collection of Brisbane restaurants with everything from stylish boutique eateries featuring top chefs from around the world to local diners than feature Australian specialities (ABC Integra, 2004). This essay will discuss the extent to which restaurants in Brisbane match the characteristic of a perfectly competitive industry both in the short and long run. Following that, this essay will elaborates on the pros and cons from an economic perspective, the characteristics of a perfectly competitive industry. Comparison between perfect competition and monopolistic along with examples will also be given to further illustrate the best market structures that fit restaurants in Brisbane. It will then be concluded that restaurants in Brisbane does not fit the characteristics of a perfectly competitive industry but rather a monopolistic industry as the only si milarity between restaurants and a perfectly competitive industry is the large number of participants involved. Diagram 1.0 – Perfect Competition Perfect competition (as shown above) is a market structure characterised by a large number of small firms, a homogenous product, and very easy entry into, or exit from, the market (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p.173). The characteristic of a large number of small firms is fulfilled when each firm in a market has no significant share of total output and has no ability to affect the product’s market price. Each firms work autonomously, rather than coordinating decisions collectively (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p. 173). Restaurants in Brisbane do not fit this characteristic as restaurants are more fitted under monopolistic competition; exist under a large number of firms where no single firm can influence the market outcome. For example, Michael’s Riverside in Brisbane serves some of the area’s best seafood (ABC Integra, 2004). Even so, Michael’s unable to influence the market outcome, but is able to set the prices higher than rival restaurants without fear of losing its customers. This is due to product differentiation (Layton, Robert & Tucker, 2002, p.233). Consumer demand for differentiated products is described using two distinct approaches – the heterogenous demand and homogenous demand. The heterogenous demand assumes that each consumer has a demand for multiple varieties of a product over time and the homogenous demand assumes that each product consists of a collection of different characteristics such as in location, atmosphere, quality of food, style, services and price (Suranovic, 1997).

Damn Near Everything There Is To Know About Cells: Essay -- essays res

Damn Near Everything There Is To Know About Cells: Biology Cell Report There are many parts of a cell, they all have specific duties, and are all needed to continue the life of the cell. Some cells exist as single-celled organisms that perform all of the organism's metabolism within a single cell. Such single-celled organisms are called unicellular. Other organisms are made up of many cells, with their cells specialized to perform distinct metabolic functions. One cell within an organism may be adapted for movement, while another cell carries out digestion. The individual cells no longer carry out all life functions, but rather depend on each other. Many-celled organisms are called multicellular. When a group of cells function together to perform an activity, they form a tissue. The cells of a human are organized into tissues such as muscle and nerve tissues. Plant tissues include those of the stem and root. Many cells in tissues are linked to each other at contact sites called cell junctions. Cell junctions help maintain differences in the internal environment between adjacent cells, help anchor cells together, and allow cells to communicate with one another by passing small molecules from one cell to another. Groups of two or more tissues that function together make up organs. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to carry out major life functions. Eukariotic Cell Structure: Boundaries and Control: Plasma Membrane - The plasma membrane is sometimes called the cell membrane, or the cellular membrane. It is the outermost part of the animal cell, and it's purpose is to enclose the cell, and change shape if needed. The cell membrane is capable of allowing materials to enter and exit the cell. Oxygen and nutrients enter, and waste products such as excess water leave. The plasma membrane helps maintain a chemical balance within the cell. Cell wall - The cell wall is an added boundary to the cell. It is relatively inflexible, and surrounds the plasma membrane. The cell wall is much thinker than the plasma membrane and is made of different substances in different organisms. The cells of plants, fungi, almost all bacteria, and some protists have cell walls. Animal cells have no cell walls. Plant cells contain cellulose molecules, which form fibers. This fibrous cellulose of plants provides the bulk of the fiber in our diets. Chitin, a nitr... ... pigments, molecules that give color. Structures for Support and Locomotion: The cytoskeleton is a network of thin, fibrous elements that act as a sort of scaffold to provide support for organelles. It also helps maintain cell shape in a manner similar to the way poles maintain the shape of a tent. The cytoskeleton is usually composed of microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules are thin, hollow cylinders made of protein. Microfilaments are thin, solid protein fibers. Microtubules and microfilaments make up most of the sytoskeleton. Cilia - Cilia are only contained in some cells. They are short, numerous, hairlike projections out of the plasma membrane. Cilia tend to occur in large numbers on a cell's surface, and their beating activity is usually coordinated. Flagella - Flagella are longer projections that move with a whiplike motion. Cells that have flagella only have one or two per cell. In single-celled organisms, cilia and flagella are the major means of locomotion. Sperm cells of animals and some plants move by means of flagella. Organisms that contain many cells, including humans, have cilia that move fluids over a cell's surface, rather than moving the cell itself.

Pablo Picasso :: essays research papers

Pablo Diego Jose Santiago Francisco de Paula Juan Nepomuceno Crispin Cripiano de los Remedios Cipriano de Santisima Trinidad Ruiz Blasco y Picasso Lopez, or more commonly known as Pablo Picasso, the twenteith century's most famous artist. He created more than twenty thousand paintings. Of his most famous artworks are " Guernica", Les Demoiselles d' Avignon", and his many, many cubist style paintings that he created. At the age of twenty, he began to sign his paintings with just his mother's maiden name of Picasso. In the fall of 1901 he begins the Blue Period until he begins painting with more red colors in 1904 which is the start of the Rose Period. In the winter of 1908 he and Georges Braque become close friends and his work with analytical cubism turns into synthetic cubism. Picasso also began, as a section of cubism, to add bits of string and other materials to his work. By doing so, he was the inventor of the modern day collage. He also made his first important sale of art to Ambroise Vollard, who he also painted a portrait of in a cubism style. In 1906 he began to paint in the style of cubism that changed the entire form of modern art. He was merely 26 years old at the time. Pablo Picasso was born on the twenty-fifth of May, in October of 1881. He was born and raised in Malaga, Spain. He also had two sisters, Lola and Conchita. Conchita died when she was eight. His father was also an artist, and as Pablo grew up, he saw a prodigious amount of talent in Pablo. Not soon after, he began teaching Pablo all he knew about art and painting. At the age of ten, his family moved to northern Spain and he took an entrance examination for the Instituto de Guarda. He is one of the very few to have finished within 1 day, further proving his abilities. He studied at the Institute for 2 years before his family moved to Barcelona. There, he took classes at La Lonja and The Barcelona Academy of Art. After that he went to the Royal Academy in Madrid, but only finished one year of study there. As his life progressed he moved to Paris, France, where many of the most renowned artists, authors and sculptors lived. During his life Picasso held many mistresses. He married two of them and had four separate children

Developmental Delays Essay

1 in every 6 U.S. children are diagnosed with a developmental disability, according to a new Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention study published online in the journal Pediatrics Monday. The represents an increase of 17% between 1997 and 2008 alone. Child development refers to the process in which children go through changes in skill development during predictable time periods, called developmental milestones. Developmental delay occurs when children have no reached these milestones by the expected time period. For example, if the normal range for learning to walk is between 9 and 15 months, and a 20-month-old child has still not begun walking, this would be considered a developmental delay. Developmental delays can occur in all five areas of development or may just happen in one or more of those areas. Also the growth in each area of development is related to growth I the other areas. So if there is a difficulty in one area, such as speech and language, it is likely to i nfluence development in other areas like social and emotional. Children are placed at genetic risk by being born with a genetic or chromosomal abnormality. A good example of genetic risk is Down syndrome, a disorder that causes developmental delay because of an abnormal chromosome. Environmental risk results from exposure to harmful agents either before or after birth, and can include things like poor maternal nutrition or exposure to toxins like lead or drugs or infections that are passed form a mother to her baby during pregnancy. Environmental risk also includes a child’s life experiences. For example, children who are born prematurely face severe poverty, mother’s depression, poor nutrition, or lack of care and are at increased risk for developmental delays. Risk factors have a cumulative impact upon development. As the number of risk factors increases, a child is put at greater risk for developmental delay. There are several general â€Å"warning signs† of possible delay. These include: * Behavioral * Does not pay attention or stay focused on an activity for as long a time as other children of the same age * Focuses on unusual objects for long periods of time; enjoys this more than interacting with others * Avoids or rarely makes eye contact with others * Gets unusually frustrated when trying to do simple tasks that most children of the same age can do * Shows aggressive behaviors and acting out and appears to be very stubborn compared with other children * Displays violent behaviors on a daily basis * Stares into space, rocks body, or talks to self more often than other children of the same age * Does not seek love and approval from caregiver or parent * Gross motor * Has stiff arms and/or legs * Has a floppy or limp body posture compared to other children of the same age * Uses on side of body more than the other * Has a very clumsy manner compared with other children of the same age In addition, because children usually acquire developmental milestones or skills during a specific time frame or â€Å"window†, we can predict when most children will learn different skills. In the world today there are many programs for children who are experiencing developmental delays. These programs help the children catch up if it is possible and improve the skills they have. Examples of such programs include: * IEP (individualized education plan) * Early intervention services * IFSP (individualized family service plan According to the CDC the percentages of U.S. children in the age group of 3-17 years of age, 1997-2008 are as follows: * Any developmental disability * 13.87% * Learning disability * 7.66% * ADHD * 6.69% In conclusion I would say there are a lot more options today for children with developmental delays then there were years ago. We are making progress in helping our special needs children and this will continue to help them improve the quality of life that these children have in their future. I also believe that all children develop at a slightly different pace and some of the more recent diagnosis might be to quick to hand out. I am a parent of 2 special needs children one mild and one more severe so I can relate to this subject more and have a bias opinion on both sides of the discussion. 1 in every 6 U.S. children are diagnosed with a developmental disability, according to a new Centers for Disease Control (CDC) and Prevention study published online in the journal Pediatrics Monday. The represents an increase of 17% between 1997 and 2008 alone. Child development refers to the process in which children go through changes in skill development during predictable time periods, called developmental milestones. Developmental delay occurs when children have no reached these milestones by the expected time period. For example, if the normal range for learning to walk is between 9 and 15 months, and a 20-month-old child has still not begun walking, this would be considered a developmental delay. Developmental delays can occur in all five areas of development or may just happen in one or more of those areas. Also the growth in each area of development is related to growth I the other areas. So if there is a difficulty in one area, such as speech and language, it is likely to i nfluence development in other areas like social and emotional. Children are placed at genetic risk by being born with a genetic or chromosomal abnormality. A good example of genetic risk is Down syndrome, a disorder that causes developmental delay because of an abnormal chromosome. Environmental risk results from exposure to harmful agents either before or after birth, and can include things like poor maternal nutrition or exposure to toxins like lead or drugs or infections that are passed form a mother to her baby during pregnancy. Environmental risk also includes a child’s life experiences. For example, children who are born prematurely face severe poverty, mother’s depression, poor nutrition, or lack of care and are at increased risk for developmental delays. Risk factors have a cumulative impact upon development. As the number of risk factors increases, a child is put at greater risk for developmental delay. There are several general â€Å"warning signs† of possible delay. These include: * Behavioral * Does not pay attention or stay focused on an activity for as long a time as other children of the same age * Focuses on unusual objects for long periods of time; enjoys this more than interacting with others * Avoids or rarely makes eye contact with others * Gets unusually frustrated when trying to do simple tasks that most children of the same age can do * Shows aggressive behaviors and acting out and appears to be very stubborn compared with other children * Displays violent behaviors on a daily basis * Stares into space, rocks body, or talks to self more often than other children of the same age * Does not seek love and approval from caregiver or parent * Gross motor * Has stiff arms and/or legs * Has a floppy or limp body posture compared to other children of the same age * Uses on side of body more than the other * Has a very clumsy manner compared with other children of the same age In addition, because children usually acquire developmental milestones or skills during a specific time frame or â€Å"window†, we can predict when most children will learn different skills. In the world today there are many programs for children who are experiencing developmental delays. These programs help the children catch up if it is possible and improve the skills they have. Examples of such programs include: * IEP (individualized education plan) * Early intervention services * IFSP (individualized family service plan According to the CDC the percentages of U.S. children in the age group of 3-17 years of age, 1997-2008 are as follows: * Any developmental disability * 13.87% * Learning disability * 7.66% * ADHD * 6.69% In conclusion I would say there are a lot more options today for children with developmental delays then there were years ago. We are making progress in helping our special needs children and this will continue to help them improve the quality of life that these children have in their future. I also believe that all children develop at a slightly different pace and some of the more recent diagnosis might be to quick to hand out. I am a parent of 2 special needs children one mild and one more severe so I can relate to this subject more and have a bias opinion on both sides of the discussion.

Macbeth †explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 Essay

I am now going to explain in an essay format how I would direct Act2, Scene1 and what I would change from how the play has been originally shown. If I was directing Act 2 Scene 1, I would want Macbeth to appear to the audience as if he is cracking under the pressure and for him to appear insane, unhappy and insecure. Macbeth acts different from when we first saw him with Banquo, as now he is about to commit a crime of treason and kill his beloved King. This is very different from when we first saw him as he loved his King and he would die for him but now it is in reverse. This is important that the audience understand he is very different and not the same person due to his greed for power. It is imperative that he is portrayed this way so the audience can see he is weaker and worse of especially as his wife, Lady Macbeth has been pressuring him in to completing his task of murdering King Duncan. If it was not for his wife then I do not think that Macbeth would have gone through with it. This change in Macbeth’s character will hopefully have an affect on the audience so they can see how the three witches and his wife have affected him and his state of mind. Macbeth is realizing that he is weaker than he thought and that he is making a mistake, he doesn’t want to commit the murder but his wife pushes and pressures him into killing his King. This shows the audience that at this time Lady Macbeth is stronger than Macbeth and in a better state of mind. He starts to imagine things and this is a sign of him being insane, and mentally unstable. â€Å"Is this a dagger which I see before me, The handle toward my hand? Come, let me Clutch thee.† p. 43 This speech is important in the understanding of Macbeth’s role in this scene. So I would want Macbeth to be sitting at the end of a table and to †¦ say this in such a way that the audience can see him turning mentally insane. I would want him saying the sentence slowly and negatively, emphasising â€Å"toward† as if he is surprised about it, also holding a dagger infront of him looking at it up and down with eyes that look blurred feeling the blade. Also I would want a low-angled shot showing him overcastting the camera to give that extra touch of madness during the first line. Then I would also have a close up of him holding the dagger to get his face and dagger in the same camera shot for the last two lines. To add to the tension of this speech there would be music playing in the background that would be farley heavy to give the impression of evil and what is about to happen. This will make the audience grasp his character and understand what he is going through at this time in the play. After this speech I would have had Macbeth walking up the stairs with the dagger looking bedazzled and insane and then I would have him raise it above his head as he reached the top of the stairs. After he comes out of the room I would have him looking down at his hands ready to brake down and crumble at his knees. Once he reaches his room I would have him collapse onto the bed and lay there feeling guilty. Also when he looks at his hands I would have him start to shed tears to show that he is a wimp and insecure.

Macbeth †Does the Lady Lead to Macbeth’s Demise? Essay

But his lady, a deeply ambitious woman who is thirsty for power, takes the witch’s false prophecies as words of wisdom and ignites a fire in Macbeth’s heart. A fire for the desire of power that only innocent blood can put out. Lady Macbeth, who lusts for power, leads Macbeth into the world of evil and brings him nothing but demise to his genuine character, just to quench her thirst. In the beginning of the play, the three witches cast their net of false prophecies on Macbeth, which he easily avoids. Later, he writes a letter to Lady Macbeth explaining the incident. After learning about the witch’s false prophecies, Lady Macbeth’s heart starts to throb. Her imagination takes her on new levels of evilness and greed. Now, all she is thinking about is â€Å"The good news† that was in the letter. Her witty little brain is up to no good, planning the quickest route to the crown that will rest on Macbeth’s head. â€Å"O, never shall sun that morrow see! † (Macbeth, act 1, scene IV) she said, in a simple manner, she expresses that Duncan spending the night at Macbeth’s castle, will not live to Patel 2 see tomorrow. â€Å"Look like the innocent flower but be the serpent under’t. † (Macbeth, act 1, Scene IV) she says to Macbeth, basically telling him to be evil on the inside but appear innocent on the outside. Lady Macbeth will lead Macbeth to his own demise. Lady Macbeth’s ability to influence and convince Macbeth is great. â€Å"Was the hope drunk? Wherein you dressed yourself? Hath it slept since? And wakes it now, to look so green and pale at what it did so freely? From this time such I account thy love. (Macbeth, act 1, scene 7, line 35) She plays around with innocent Macbeth, questioning his love for her after he tries to stop the mayhem of the murder and backs out. â€Å"What beast was ’t, then, that made you break this enterprise to me? When you durst do it, then you were a man; and to be more than what you were, you would be so much more the man. † (Macbeth, act 1, scene 7, line 48) Lady Macbeth questions Macbeth’s manhood, which infuriates him to the extent where he decides to go thru with her strategy to acquire the crown. Lady Macbeth knows exactly how to exploit poor Macbeth. Under the evil Lady Macbeth’s influence, Macbeth is a monster in the making. Lady Macbeth manipulates Macbeth to an extent where Macbeth turns into an insecure and a sly person. â€Å"My hands are of your color, but I shame to wear a heart so white. † (Macbeth, act 2, scene 2, line 64) Lady Macbeth addresses Macbeth as a weak hearted when he’s horrified and overwhelmed after he murders Duncan. Once he did the ‘dirty work’ upon commands from the Lady, he committed numerous acts of horror to keep the secret hidden. It begins when he brutally murders two innocent guards and ends with his own demise along with many other deaths. He turns into an insecure monster; he kills anyone who is considered a threat to him. He murders Banquo, his best friend and Patel 3 attempts to murder Fleonce, Banquo’s son who is going to be a king, according to the witches. â€Å"We have scorched the snake, not killed it. † (Macbeth, act 3, scene 2, line 15) Macbeth’s words after his men kill Banquo but not his son. Macbeth has really turned evil, all due to Lady Macbeth. He has indeed turned into a dangerous serpent on the inside and an innocent flower on the outside. Lady Macbeth has succeeded; she got what she wanted. She is the primary cause of Macbeth’s destruction. She manipulated and pressured Macbeth, which transformed him into a lunatic that died a sad death. Even the greatest man fell because of a lady. Lady Macbeth’s influence was strong and hypnotizing. She was his end, his demise, his regrets, she destroyed Macbeth.

Political Family Essay

Chapter 1 covers five parts: (1) Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, (2) Statement of the Problem, (3) Significance of the Study, (4) Definition of Terms, and (5) Delimitation of the Study Part 1, Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study, presents the rationale for the choice of the problem. Part 2, Statement of the Problem, describes the major and specific questions that this study will seek to answer. Part 3, Significance of the Study, cites the benefits that could be derived from the findings of the study. Part 4, Definition of Terms, presents the conceptual and operational definitions of the key terms that will be used in the study. Part 5, Delimitation of the Study, specifies the scope of the study with regards to the variables, the participants, and the instruments that will be used to gather data. Background and Theoretical Framework of the Study â€Å"The family is the strongest unit of society, demanding the deepest loyalties of the individual and coloring all social activity with its own set of demands. † Jean Grossholtz (1964, 86-87) In the Third World, the elite family has long been a leading actor in the unfolding of the national pageant. More, specifically in the Philippines, elite families can be seen as both object and subject of history, shaping and being shaped by the processes of change. These families have provided a strong element of continuity to the country’s economic and political history over the century past (McCoy 1994, 1). In 1950s Robert Fox (1959, 6) described the Philippines as â€Å"an anarchy of families,† in which the Philippine political parties usually have acted as coalitions of powerful families. The rise of powerful political families was attributed to the Republic’s emergence as a weak, postcolonial state (McCoy 1994, 10-11). According to McCoy (1994, 13), after Spain and United States colonial rule, the Republic thus developed as a state with both substantial economic resources and weak bureaucratic capacity. It is this paradoxical pairing of wealth and weakness that opened the state to predatory rent seeking by politicians. Based on Migdal’s research (1988, 9) on Third World politics, he finds that the source of the state’s weakness—the social organizations such as â€Å"families, clans†¦tribes, patron-client dyads† continue to act as competing sources of authority. Despite the apparent influence and significant factor of the family upon wider society and its politics, most historians, both Filipino and foreign, have ignored this problem. According to Schneider (1969, 109-110), instead of studying and analyzing the Philippine political history through the paradigm of elite families, they have generally treated Philippine past and politics solely through as an interaction of state, private institutions, and popular movements. Even social scientists, despite an obligatory bow in the direction of the family, have generally failed to incorporate substantive analysis of its dynamics into rendering of the country’s social and political processes. Social science as often happens in the study of the Philippines thus diverges from social reality, according to Alfred W. McCoy (1994, 1). At present, there is still a lacking scholarly analysis of either individual Filipino families or family-based oligarchies. While other Southeast Asian societies have produced some useful biographies and autobiographies, the Southeast Asian regions still have little nondynastic family history that can serve as a model for future Philippine research (McCoy 1994, 2). One of the provinces in the Philippines that have no study about family-based politics is Aklan. The Province of Aklan is located in the Northeast portion of Panay Island. It was the oldest province in the Philippines organized in 1213 by settlers from Borneo as the â€Å"Minuro it Akean. † In 1565 Miguel Lopez de Legaspi landed in Aklan, and divided the â€Å"Minuro it Akean† five encomiendas which he distributed among his farming followers. Along with political change, the Spaniards introduced Christianity. In 1716, the area of the â€Å"Minuro it Akean† was designated as a province but it was called Capiz. After the Americans took the country from Spain in 1901, Don Natalio B. Acevedo, Aklan delegation head, presented the first memorial for the separation of Aklan from Capiz to the Junta Magna headed by Commissioner Dean C. Worcester. For the same purpose, the Aklanons in Congress filed numerous bills, including Urquiola-Alba bill in 1920, the Laserna-Suner bills in 1925 and 1930, and the Tumbokon bill in 1934. Aklan finally became an independent province when President Magsaysay signed into law the Republic Act 1414 on April 25, 1956. This was made through the efforts of Congressman Godofredo P. Ramos, and then the province was inaugurated on November 8, 1956. (Aklan Directory 2011, http://www. aklandirectory. com/aklan/, ret. 9/16/2012) Political families thrive in all but one province in the Philippines. From Batanes to Tawi-tawi, with the exception of Kalinga, members of political families hold public posts, both elective and appointive. GMA News Research has identified at least 219 political families that dominate the country’s political landscape. (2011, http;//www. gmanetwork. com, ret 9/30/2012) Like these provinces, Aklan’s history is also filled with family-based politics. In order to better understand the present political situations, studying the political history of Aklan in the lens of the familial perspective can led to discover new dimensions in our national history. The history of a political family in a particular province can be a microcosm of the kind of politics that happens in the Philippines. Thus, this study offers this perspective and understanding. Statement of the Problem This study is conducted to find out the political history of Aklan, through the case study in historical method of a selected political family in the province. Unlike Latin America, much more of the Philippine social research treated the country’s political history through its formal institutional structures rather than on the importance of the family and family history. However, it can be seen that in the works of several theorists and researchers like Wolf, Grossholtz, Kuznesof, Freyre, and Schneider, political families in the Philippines and around the world are found to have a more dominant force in shaping the society’s history including political, social, and economic institutions. Specifically, this study will seek to answer the following questions: 1. How the political family in Aklan emerged? 2. How do they maintain their influence in the province? 3. What are the family’s political practices to retain power? Significance of the Study. This qualitative research may be significant primarily to historians in analyzing the centrality of family-based politics to many periods and problems in the Philippine history. For social scientists, this study will help them delve the roles of family as a primary unit of political organization; and will serve as a model for future Philippine research. For political science students, the findings of this study will help them understand the influence of political families on the course of Philippine politics. This study will also help politicians to formulate political strategies and practices based on the history of a political family. Lastly, this study can be added as a significant literature on the political history of Aklan; as well as, it can provide meaningful information for other related literatures. Definition of terms For the purpose of achieving clarity of meaning and interpretation, the following terms were defined. The Case study approach as an empirical inquiry investigates a contemporary phenomenon within its real-life context. (Yin 1984, 24) The Historical method comprises the techniques and guidelines by which historians use primary sources and other evidence to research and then to write histories in the form of accounts of the past. (2012, http://en.wikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) A political family is a family in which several members are involved in politics, particularly electoral politics. Members may be related by blood or marriage; often several generations or multiple siblings may be involved. (2012, http://en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php, ret. 9/30/2012) The Province of Aklan is located in the Northeast portion of Panay Island, and has a total land area of 1, 817. 9 km? which is composed of 17 municipalities. It has a total population of 495, 122 (NSO 2007 census), and Kalibo is the capital town. (Aklan Directory 2011, http://www. aklandirectory.com/aklan/, ret. 9/30/2012) Delimitation of the Study This study will be conducted during the first semester of the school year 2012-2013 until the second semester of the school year 2013-2014. This will be conducted among a purposively selected political family in the Province of Aklan. The case study in historical method will be used in this study to investigate the political history of the Province of Aklan. The researchers in order to collect detailed data needed in this study will employ participant observations, key informant interviews, directly interview the participants, and examine relevant records, documents, and reports. Chapter 2 Review of Related Literature Chapter 2 includes previous studies on political families which are divided into the International Context, the Philippine Context, and the Visayan Context. The International Context includes the previous studies on family-based politics and the history of elite political families around the world. The Philippine Context includes studies about the Filipino family and Philippines as a weak, postcolonial state that led to the emergence of political families. The Visayan Context includes case studies of two political families in the Visayas — the Lopez family and the Osmena family. Political Families The International Context In almost any country in the world, there are always leading political elite families that exist. A significant number of these families can be traced in United States, Brazil, and Mexico. In the United States, the well-known Adams Family of Massachusetts has been the subject of much autobiographical and biographical research. Meanwhile, the Pessoa family is popular as leading actors in Brazilian politics, and the Sanchez-Navarros’ family of Mexico is known for both wealth and power. For several decades, Latin American historians have used detailed microstudies of elite families to discover new dimensions in their national histories. As Gilberto Freyre (1964, 155 and 161), a pioneer in this field, once argued, anyone studying a people’s past will find that historical constants are more significant than ostensibly heroic episodes and will discover that what happens within the family is far more important than often-cited events in presidential mansions, in parliaments and large factories. Applying this perspective to Brazil, Freyre found that Brazil’s most distinctive elite families emerged in the sugar districts of the northeast during the sixteenth century- fusing land, sugar, and slaves to become patriarchs of â€Å"untrammelled power† or unlimited power and â€Å"total fiat† or absolute decree. Arguing that the patriarchal family still exerts a subtle influence on the â€Å"the ethos of contemporary Brazilians,† Freyre cites the case of President Epitacio Pessoa who in the early decades of this century was known as â€Å"Tio Pita† (Uncle Pita) in recognition of his penchant for appointing male relations to key government posts. Another historian, Linda Lewin (1979, 263) has produced some of the most refined historiographic reflections on the connection between familial and national history in her writing on the Pessoa family of Paraiba State in Brazil. By the late 1970s the field of family history was so well developed in Latin America that another Brazilian historian Linda Lewin (1979, 263) stated that the â€Å"family-based† approach to the political history as a â€Å"commonplace in Brazilian history. † Many historians had already employed the family historiography as an approach in discovering different dimensions of Brazilian political history thus making it popular around Latin America. Similarly, an essay by Felstiner (1976, 58) on the role of kinship politics in Chile’s independence movement began with the words â€Å"the importance of the family in Latin America goes unquestioned. † Many historical documents show that the leading elite families in Chile, such as the O’Higgins family, started the movements for independence against the Spanish colonizers. A decade later, Latin American historians were still unanimous in their belief that the elite family played a uniquely important political role in their region. Introducing eight essays, Elizabeth Kuznesof and Robert Oppenheimer (1985, 215) observed that the family in Latin America is found to have been a more central and active force in shaping political, social, and economic institutions of the area than was true in Europe or United States. Indeed, they found that institutions in Latin America society make much more social sense, particularly in the nineteenth century, if viewed through the lens of family relationships. As democracy flourished in the young Latin America, elite families engaged in the political arena and started to stabilize political institutions, such as the electoral system and civil society. Charles H. Harris, a historian, (1975, 314) stated that the Sanchez-Navarros’ family is one of the oldest and most influential families of Spanish descent in Mexico since 1577. The Sanchez Navarro family’s â€Å"latifundio† or an estate composed of two or more haciendas is composed of seventeen haciendas and covers more than 16. 5 million acres—the size of West Virginia. It is said to be the largest â€Å"latifundio† ever to have existed, not only in Mexico but also in all of Latin America. In Harris’ discussion of the acquisition of land, the technology of ranching, labor problems, and production on the Sanchez Navarro estate, and of the family’s involvement in commerce and politics, he finds that the development of the â€Å"latifundio† was only one aspect in the Sanchez Navarros’ rise to power. He also emphasizes the great importance of the Sanchez Navarros’ widespread network of family connections in their commercial and political activities. Reflecting their rich historical traditions, America have also produced impressive family histories. Political families are not a new concept in the United States. The Adams family of Massachusetts, for example, has been the subject of autobiographical and biographical research. (Musto 1981, 40-58) The Adams political family is one of the most prominent political families in United States history, originating in Massachusetts and having a profound impact on the development of the nation’s path from the 18th century and onwards. The family has produced numerous important New England politicians as well as two Presidents – John Adams (1797-1801) and George Adams (1851-1861) but also several ambassadors and literary figures. The children and grandchildren of the Adams family were raised with the idea that public service was expected of you. (2011, http://seattletimes. com/html/nationworld/2004164299_dynasty05. html, ret. 10/10/2012) Similarly, like other developed and developing countries around the globe, the history of Philippines is also shaped by elite families that play leading roles in the control and influence on institutions of the government. The Philippine Context The political families are the actors that have played in the political landscape of the Philippines and have shaped the outcome of the past and are engaged in shaping the future of the Philippines. The Philippine history should not only be viewed as the interaction of different institution of society such as the state, civil societies, the Roman Catholic Church, and the different popular movements. Instead, we should also dissect its political history through the paradigm of elite families. The importance of family-society relationship in the Philippines based on Jean Grossholtz’s description (1964, 86-870, â€Å"the strongest unit of society demanding the deepest loyalties of the individual and coloring all social activity with its own set of demands. † He then remarked that the communal values of family are often in conflict with the impersonal values of the institutions of the larger society. Many Filipino historians have been critical, and they generally disregarded the leading families and provincial elites in the Philippines on ideological grounds. Nationalistic historians have dismissed the country’s elites for being traitors and conformists to the colonizers. Teodoro Agoncillo (1960, 644-645), one the most famous historian in Philippine history, remarked that the ilustrados have betrayed the revolution. Renato Constantino (1975, 232), a contemporary of Agoncillo, called the same elites as collaborators. According to the founder of the Communist Party of the Philippines, Jose Maria Sison, the country’s elites were a small alien element – either rural feudal landholders or urban, comprador bourgeoisie as cited by Guerrero (1979, 234-249). According to McCoy (1994, 4), most Filipino biographies, the potential building blocks for elite-family studies, are more hagiography (idolizing biography) than history. Many of these biographies are funded by the family or the person that is the subject of these biographies. Biographers write as if death has cleansed what misdeeds their subject has done in society. Such accounts, McCoy added, are exoneration from the charges of their enemies, silence about their cunning or corruptions, and a celebration of their contribution to the nation. McCoy commented that the weak state and powerful political oligarchies have combined to make a familial perspective on national history relevant. The Philippines has a long history of strong families assuring social survival when the nation-state is weak. In the 20th century, the state has collapsed, partially or wholly, at least four times in the midst of war and revolution. After independence in 1946, moreover, the Philippine central government lost control over the countryside to regional politicians, some so powerful that they become known as warlords. In Philippine politics a family name is a valuable asset. A good name translates strongly to an advantage in polling. Believing that an established name carries cachet and qualification, parties often favor a promising scion of an old line when selecting candidates. Many Filipino politicians use their kinship networks (McCoy 1993, 10), to assure their ascension to power. A kinship network is a working coalition drawn from a larger group related by blood, marriage, and ritual. As elite families bring such a flexible kinship ties into the political arena, elections often assume a kaleidoscopic complexity of coalition and conflict, making Filipino politics appear volatile. It has a unique capacity to create informal political team that assigns specialized roles to its members, thereby maximizing coordination and influence. The Visayan Context Most of the well-known political families in the Philippines have political roots in their home provinces. Whether in the provinces of Luzon, Visayas, or Mindanao, there would always be certain political families that would dominate the political arena. The Lopez Family In Alfred McCoy’s essay (1994, 429-517) â€Å"Rent-Seeking Families and the Philippine State: A History of the Lopez Family† illustrates the close connection between state power and the private wealth by elite families in the Philippines. He says that in the Philippine setting, the study of a single rent-seeking family may be the most appropriate way of bridging the gap between western economic theory and the Filipino familial paradigm. Among the leading Filipino families, the Lopezes are, by virtue of their history, well suited for such a case study. Seeking knowledge of the family’s origins and early character, McCoy’s essay begins in the 1870s when the Lopezes enter the historical record as pioneer sugar planters on the plantation frontier of Negros Island. But early on 1850s, they already first appeared to be local merchants. Basilio Lopez served as one of Jaro’s cabeza-de barangay and later as a gobernadorcillo. The growth of their political and commercial influence paralleled the emergence of national political elite (McCoy 1994, 440-441). While the second generation consolidated property and position within a regional planter elite, their children made a successful transition to sugar milling and commerce during the 1920’s. In the five generations of the Lopezes it has a history of both skillful male and female entrepreneurs and politicians (McCoy 1994, 441-444). However, among the family’s twenty-six hundred descendants, it was Eugenio and Fernando Lopez, who initially raised the family’s position to first rank of national prominence. Backed by Eugenio’s growing wealth, Fernando Lopez was appointed as a mayor of Iloilo City for two years in September 1945. He quickly secured overall leadership of the province, relegating Jose Zulueta, his ally, to the position of perennial challenger. His career as provincial politician involved the using violence to advance their interests. In 1946 the Lopezes shifted their capital and residence to Manila. They traded in influence and avoided violence. No longer rooted in the land or dependent upon the social power of the provinces, the Lopezes came to depend upon the state, through the medium of presidency, for the financial and regulatory concessions that would assure the prosperity of their corporations. With the Lopez brothers’ relations with a succession of Philippine presidents, they prospered under the administration of their allies from their patron Quezon, Sergio Osme? a, Elpidio Quirino, and Manuel Roxas. In 1947, he was elected to the Senate. In 1965, the presidential candidate was Ferdinand Marcos. Fernando Lopez, despite his presidential aspirations, became Marcos’ vice-presidential running mate, creating a ticket that married private wealth to populist appeal. The Lopez alliance with Marcos was a strategic blunder born of tactical necessity. To insure the defeat of incumbent President Macapagal, the Lopezes had felt compelled to ally themselves with Marcos. Eugenio Lopez used his money, media, and machine to make Marcos president in 1965 elections. Not long after, Eugenio Lopez launched a major expansion and diversification program at Meralco. Again, with the Lopez support Marcos was reelected in 1969. In January 1971, however, a break occurred, which erupted into what may be the most public and vitriolic split in the Philippine political history. According to Marcos, the Lopezes were demanding concessions to advance their interests. According to the Lopezes, Marcos was demanding shares in their family corporations. Using the Manila Chronicle, the Lopezes began an attack, publishing exposes of graft within the administration. When a delegation of Tondo workers called upon the president at the battle’s peak, Marcos vowed: â€Å"we will crush the Lopez oligarchy to pieces. † After suffering five months of media criticism, Marcos finally sued for peace by paying a call on Eugenio at his Paranaque residence (McCoy 1994, 508). Sixteen months later in Marcos’s declaration of martial law, the Lopez family became the main target of his â€Å"revolution from above. † He used the same licensing powers that had built the Lopez wealth to destroy the family’s fortune and transfer their assets to a new economic elite composed of his own kin. Paul Hutchcroft (1991, 414-450), a political scientist said that, â€Å"using the state and its army, Marcos became the first president since Quezon to reduce the autonomy of provincial elites. He employed economic regulations, backed by threat of force, to pursue the main aim of his rule-changing the composition of the country’s economic elite. In Negros Occidental, for example, Marcos created a new stratum of supralocal leaders whom he financed with rents. On July 1975, Eugenio Lopez died of cancer in San Francisco while Geny Lopez remained in prison on capital charges. In the end, Marcos did not destroy the Lopez family’s accumulated legitimacy, contacts, and skills (McCoy 1994, 518). Marcos’s fall from power in 1986 heralded the restoration of the Lopez fortunes. In the restoration of the family’s fortunes under President Aquino, it is argued that Eugenio Lopez succeeded in handing down enough of his capital and skills to perpetuate his family’s position within the national economic elite. In his essay, McCoy (1994, 431) explains the role of rents for it has a good deal about the weakness of the Philippines and the corresponding strength of Filipino political families. As defined by James Buchanan (1980, 7-8) rents appear when the state uses regulation to restrict â€Å"freedom of entry† into the market. If these restrictions create a monopoly, the economic consequences are decidedly negative—slowing growth and enriching a few favoured entrepreneurs. Competition for such monopolies, a political process called â€Å"rent-seeking,† can produce intense conflict. Anne Krueger (1980, 52-57) has argued that in many Third World countries rents are â€Å"pervasive facts of life. † In India such restricted economic activity accounted for 7. 3% of their national income in 1964, while in Turkey rents from import licenses alone represented about 15 percent of the gross national product in 1968. In the Philippines, political economists have applied this theory to explain how the Palace’s rent-seeking courtiers after Marcos era used state power to plunder the country. Manuel Montes (1989, 84-148), a Filipino economist, argues that â€Å"the economic structure of the country stimulates, encourages, and provides the greatest rewards to ‘rent-seeking’ activities. † As evidence for this provocative reconceptualization of rent-seeking, Montes offers his readers a superficial catalogue of businessmen who have served regimes from Quezon to Marcos. â€Å"In the presidency of Manuel Roxas,† says Montes in a typical passage, â€Å"Soriano, Eugenio Lopez†¦ and Jose Yulo were influential businessmen. † The story of Eugenio Lopez illustrates that for over thirty years, he had used presidential patronage to secure subsidized government financing and dominate state-regulated industries, thereby amassing the largest private fortune in the Philippines (McCoy 1993, 429-430). In the Philippines, the succession of presidents has played partisan politics with the state’s economic powers, awarding loans and creating rents to reward the political brokers who assured their election. Underlying the executive’s partisan use of state power are political elites who fuse public office with private business. For the elites to justify the high risk of campaign investments, public office must promise extraordinary rewards. More than any other entrepreneur of the Republican era, Eugenio Lopez, Sr. , mastered the logic of political investment. The Lopez brothers, being the most successful rent-seekers, formed corporate conglomerates that relied in some way upon the state licenses. Since all of their major corporations were in some sense due to rent system, their commercial success involved a commingling of business and politics. Such a system leaves an ambiguous legacy (McCoy 1993, 435-437). Not only in Western Visayas had leading political families emerged as national actors but also a significant number are found in Central Visayas. The Osmena Family. Another political family that has long dominated the political landscape of the Philippines for many years since the beginning of the 20th century is the Osmena family of Cebu. The Osmenas rose to prominence when Sergio Osmena, Sr. was elected governor of the Province of Cebu and then as Speaker of the Philippine National Assembly during the American colonial period. He was eclipsed only in power by the political maneuverings that Quezon made to overpowering him in the National Assembly and capturing the post as the President of the Philippine Commonwealth in 1935. After World War II, Sergio Osmena, Sr. went back to the Philippines as President to establish his control as head of the government in the Philippine archipelago. Osmena’s son, Serging, later became the governor of Cebu and candidate for the Presidency in the 1969 election against Ferdinand Marcos. The present generation of Osmenas is still politically active in Cebu and in national politics. The Osmenas dominated the political world of Cebu not through the usual guns, goons, and gold that are usually used by their political rival like the Sottos, Cuencas,and Duranos. The Osmenas dominated the provincial politics of Cebu because they are highly skilled in the craft of politics. (Resil, 1993, p. 316) They are wealthy, but their wealth do not equate for their capacity to coerce people to vote for them. They use their wealth skillfully, by using it for political gains. They are not as rich as their opponents who have huge haciendas but they show their prowess as politicians during elections. Elections are an exercise deeply inscribed in the Filipino political imagination. Theoretically, an election provides the occasion for society to take cognizance to itself. This is the time when citizens are most self-conscious, a season of stock-taking, when voters reflect on their collective state and history and make choices about leaders, policies, and â€Å"futures†. The â€Å"democratic space† or surface that allows an unlimited range for diverse values and commitments is most visible in incumbents submitting themselves for popular judgement and candidates presenting ideas of government, in the public exchange of contrary views, and, finally, in the voter weighing his or her options and casting a ballot in the ritual’s inner sanctum, the polling booth. (Mojares 1993, 319) The reality of Philippine politics is not tidy. Intensive exploitation of mass media and propaganda techniques crowd public space during the electoral season. There are restrictions of thought and action; however, beneath the diversity and dynamism of election, these restrictions, according to Mojares (1993, 319), are an underdeveloped party system, elite dominance and ideological sameness of candidates, exclusion of those who fail to muster the considerable resources needed to mount a campaign, the subordination of issues to particularistic concerns, elaborate forms of terrorism and fraud, and the cultural baggage of traditional values of power and dependence. Elections, therefore, do not constitute a free field but are in fact, an arena in which the existing limits on participation are further exercised and enforced. In Philippine elections we have a case in which the elite or dominant class usually constructs political reality for citizens. This process may be seen in the centrality accorded to the election itself as field of action and a channel for effecting political change. In elections, obeisance is rendered to the â€Å"state† of the people are constituted or reconstituted as its â€Å"subjects†. In effect, the periodic holding of elections nourishes and renews the government’s system. In the process, it also tends to reify the existing system and deemphasize other areas of political work such as mass organizing, interest-group lobbying, and â€Å"armed struggle. †(Mojares 1993, 320) Elections, by their very nature, provide us with a concentrated expression of the process of ideological domination. This is one area in which Osmena phenomenon is important since the Osmena have built their dominance less on sheer economic power (though the use of such power was basic in their rise) or physical repression (though they were not innocent of its methods) than on their mastery of the instrumental aspects of electoral power building. From this they draw their distinctive character as Filipino kingpins. Skillful management of ideological practices takes precedence over reliance on superior economic leverage (as in the case of the Lopez family), a system of traditional patronage (as in the Durano Family), a mix of religion and militarism (as in Ali Dimaporo), or systematic electoral fraud as what the Marcoses did. The matter of ideology both as the world of social meanings and the politician’s stance in this world is germane to achieving an understanding of the Osmenas.