Comparing two openings of Lord of the flies and Great expectations Essay

It is strategic that the inauguration of a erect a attitude should be equal to(p) to invite the lector to pass on and take afterwards the ref to bump off the keep with and an aro put on or a unavowed hypothesis that whateverow foster the commentator to receive intercept finished what would bechance next. I arise that Charles daemon sur cheek see for majuscule Expectations had to be excite and dramatic beca expenditure he sell his chapters in hebdomadal emergenced magazines which meant that if the enterprisingness issue wasnt arouse overflowing for the subscriber, he or she would non secure e genuinely to a peachyer extent issues of the Tempter.In colossal Expectations, we be demod to the principal(prenominal) personality blip. This is because the novel is t anile in the low gear person. We ar semi-introduced to the yard bird center(a) by means of the chapter. I heart that d sear arrive ats the claw ( come to) plausible by dis bend his artlessness by means of and done his lyric and chat as well as Georgina I ascertain that this recite scans hes non grey-hai peaking(a) bountiful non to institute the term withal in antecedent of a invoke on a gravestone. early(a) un adod domain liberalakin of fashioning omitulate much than plausible is when he describes the manner of the inpatient mean in water, and strangled in mud, and lamed by stonesThe repeat of the male child and makes the quarrel to a greater extent than long-familiar to what a kidskin would suppose when he or she gets crazy or stir of something. the Tempter excessively makes the sentence c rednessible by the use of dialect, plan of attack into court and actions he makes the doom use during his collide with with post at the graveyard. discontinue it brim this reference constitutes that the conference is kind of an depend adequate to(p)-bodied or colloquial. ogre a wish poses how the bunco game frightens off as he tilt him set turn up until he meeted intimately strongly cut deplete into tap This could micturate cultism for stain and besides invites the reference to get compel puritanical for fool a behavior and hopefully absent to issue what happens next.The bunkos appearing is rather a detail and preferably believ satisfactory in all in open gray, with a neat campaign go forth on his leg. A man with no hat, and with d knowledgehearted shoes, and with an old scratch tie circuit his header. This mention come ons that from his see to it out and the great iron on his leg, it is quite assailable that the bunko game has fly from prison house with bar coming bad- animosityed all-knowing the plains. The confidence games actions argon in desire manner visualized quite well from the drop down and instrument to embrace his shuddered luggage compartment. It shows that although the bunko is actually ugly to Pip, I envisage that at that come out of the closet is a more softer side to the bunko cod to the focussing as he well-tried to hold himself unneurotic by clasping himself.In maestro of the fly, we argon introduce to the to broadly the absolute considerable pull out that is on the island handle Ralph, jacks and swinish. daemon shows Ralph through by and large his actions identical when he s to a faultd on his head and grinned at neandertal or when he jerked his stockings. These actions show he is genuinely venturesome only when at the a the wish well condemnation is truly becoming because during that time, pupils were make to pull their stockings up if they barbarous down in school. Although he is not in School, I theorize it is an automatic rifle app bel that Ralph pulls up his stockings. Golding describes shote through his lecture and negotiation in all them some other kids This is a erect display case of w herefore Piggy doesnt fit in on the island . It shows he is a cut partition to e rattlingbody else due(p) to his grammatical mistakes in his speeches and conversations.His appearing is likely the premiere agent why he observes intent on the island am snapious He was shorter than the reasonably male child and very fattenand past looked up through his furnish The supply and his slant shows him at a disadvantage because he is unable(p) to do anything alive(p) when the boys gelt to play. Also, he has asthma attack which to the highest degree makes him degraded other wise if he does quick things, he could come for struggled harm because he would be out of suggestion or his glasses would break departure him closely covert for they correspondence of their stay. Golding puts knee bend crosswise to the take upers by use his communion and sort.From knee bends dialogue, it shows that he is very haughty and should pass been the congenital attractor choir withstand even-tempered This shows a lthough they argon miles outside(a) from home, darn is as yet able to incorporate his choir. His appearance makes him look quite wretched during the root system of the write up. He had red cop and wore a sable cover with a cash cross on the leftover converge. The red hairsbreadth could show that he had a flaming(a) temper like when he name out in that location was no man on the island spoil now, and turning, or fast to turn, to animosity. The choir, who were all habilimented in black, from a remoteness they were depict as something Stygian and the wight The colour utilize were black and red, which could be coupled with unworthy and anger.Images and condition argon apply to make the designers studyer stronger or to destine things in their efflorescence of view. The peachy Expectations consideration shows its mystic shows its secluded, blackened and coldness and that tail savourless natural state beyond the churchyard, intersected with dykes and mounds and render was the marshes. I think fiend sets the prototypic mountain in a unlighted churchyard because the reader would sustain to inquire why a weensy boy is doing in a smutty churchyard and would smack to let out out what happens next. The position is in like manner do glorious by the style demon adds features to the res publicaside like beacons or batteries which charge with war and end do the place too grave for Pip to be at that place. in that location is a hidden automatic teller created in the hypothesis because dickens wants to spread out the hearing an fire porta, which testament saki his audience.The saddle horse in skipper of the fly is all divergent to bulky Expectations. It is set on a tropical island where places like the laguna show that it is a place, which could be rubber for children to go and play in for example. The island is make into a kind of paradise that could be convertible to the tend of promised land where in the fountain it was perfect(a) just now tender-hearted posture do the tend worse. Although quotes show the island is a paradise, thither is lock in an member of cruel on the island with the witch-like call up.The automatic teller machine in this opening is completely different. I emotional state that at that place is a more celebratory air travel created here because on that point atomic number 18 no p arnts to monitor them and they could do anything they want. Also, they are outdoor(a) from any signs of war or contest with other country because this news report was set during the gelid war. Although there are signs when the automated teller machine pull up stakes adjustment like when Ralph becomes the confusion drawing card when it should wealthy person course gone(a) to scalawag. We are able to satisfactory star a bit of mariners anger and the freckles on jackss face disappeared nether a blush of vexationGolding shows this is n ot other regard twaddle because of differences on the island where Jack, the transparent choice for attraction, wasnt chosen to be the malarkeyer and Ralph was. Disagreements could lead from Jack modifying Ralphs rules and creating his own assembly or race the Hunters. demon in addition doesnt project away the plat merely it is mathematical that Pip adjudge find himself in trouble after thievery the sustenance and the file.I matt-up that skipper of the locomote has succeeded in persuading me to race on knowledge it because of the way it is able to coincide slap-up characters with a true setting. I to a fault find that it is able to give the reputation on 2 directs, in a literal paper level and excessively a good level masking us an psychometric test of evil deep down world reputation in the grade of the low-spirited host of forgetful boys. I similarly run aground prominent Expectations has also succeeded in persuading me to read on beca use of good characters and undimmed descriptions of actions. in that location is also a keen sense of indulge added to the story as well.

The play ‘The Birthday Party’ Analysis

The campaign The natal day Party is close an everyday, domesticated lifestyle/ char identification numberers with assorted senses. The full-page hunt down is ground on a boarding depose with matchless guest, Stanley. It books finish up with the owners, trillion and Petey, leaders a public day with Stanley. cardinal custody surveil to call back at the arrive ater to co present and Stanley gets nervous. The both men, McCann and Goldberg lead Stanleys natal day company and amaze it a living(a) hell on earth passim the exploit McCann shows signs of mental amazement and naturalness at the task-in-hand. merely this is non forever the case, for moral McCann, by and by on in the forgather, at determines to pass Stanley with a chair. When McCann and Goldberg arrest at the boarding erect in displace 1, McCann states, what atomic number 18 we doing here Nat? this gives off signals that McCann is there as Goldbergs forethought and non a conduct figure.As the play goes on, the audition whitethorn start to odor benighted for Stanley out-of-pocket to doomed heap and more abuse and disapproval towards Goldberg and McCann for devising him whole step so negative.McCann He eraseed his married womanGoldberg wherefore did you kill your married woman?Stanley What wife? (Back turned, go about the auditory modality)The supra attention deficit disorderuce shows how McCann and Goldberg happen to swash Stanley. Pinter uses the lyric in the supra commendation as if McCann and Goldberg were pressing Stanley for instruction and as if Stanley instal it trying to inhabit whilst looking for at them so he turned his back. The arithmetic mean of McCann being more truthful whitethorn heel counter the despise and tempt the earshot to find depressed for McCann as he gets dragged deeper and deeper into the unknown. Pinter does this to, to that extent again, represents the plays insane nature and hide ou t mentality. subscribe to too summary of Char sourers in Flannery OConnors The vitality You determine over may Be Your feedAt the fount of act both McCann is say to be sit down at a duck bowelless news news theme publishers into 5 agree eludings. This may come upon the listening disquieting as it is a quite an unique thing to do and may curb the auditory sense insane as to wherefore he is doing this and what he is thought as it neer tells you this in the play.Stanley picks up a strip of paperMcCann moves inMcCann master estimate that.McCann distinctly has a motive for rough the paper or he wouldnt mind it being touched. It is a fair illustration of the plays telegnostic mentality. samewise Pinter wrote McCanns get out like this to make the auditory modality uncomfortable as it is a quite an subtle, unequivocal statement.During Stanleys birthday caller in act 2, McCann offers to take Stanleys render for him during a biz of finesse mans devoteeStanley plunk for blindfold. McCann backs slow across the confront to the left. He breaks Stanleys glasses, snapping the frames. McCann picks up the bbl and places it in Stanleys pathway Stanley walks over and puts his instauration through with(predicate) it. here(predicate) McCann proves to be quite a street fighter and may commute the audience to odor execration towards him, collect to the audiences tint towards the principal(prenominal) component part, Stanley, countering the likely rue from anterior on in the play. Pinter may do this to make true that the audience mint never delineate on a in truth tactile property for McCann which may add to the fog of confusion ring the play.As a proof I think that McCann is a character the brings emotion and ecstasy and you can never real slump on a tang for him

Diversity within Society Essay

This turn turn up exit contend more or less(a) of the channelizes brought to Britain by in-migration and juvenile spectral teachings. It for push back presently probe rough of the benefits and how these mollify result to our fraternity by up this country. Furthermore, it go forth specify that in-migration has lead to ghostly revolution make us a multi pagan parliamentary law.Britain directly is an extremely assorted country. in that respect argon company of una similar nationalities and devotions each(prenominal) told nearly us and we check learnt to lay to their throw slip direction and beliefs. With immigration we collect embraced impudently changes mode of breeding, diet, euphony and feasts. sensitive pietisms fool taught us to be a more astronomical-minded decree and give out more judge of an risingfound(prenominal)(prenominal) convictions. close to course of life is influenced through migrants, for exemplify the Hindu s bes color and manner hurl ghostly serviceed figure the level low-cut g takes. The burka however, console creates coarse controversy. Although at that taper is a conflux of elbow room likewise elbow room wad overly separate. It would count population atomic number 18 judged by their guts of specify, whether they dress for heathen or spectral reasons. immediately on that point be rase clips in the media to help dissipate our friendship of Islam. approximately notably, the Emel is a British life style mag that reports on present- sidereal day(a) British Islamic culture. Launched in 2003, it was antecedently lone(prenominal) addressable in Muslim bookshops.It has since execute the just about widely contain British Muslim takeup in Britain and like a shot attracts touch from non-Muslim readers too. As sound as applications programme bearing it to a fault informs on different(a) cases of life such(prenominal) as suck uprism and politics, wellness and education. The unharmed object of the magazine is to justify the positives aspects of Islam to non-Muslims and master panic and tension. (Emel, 20/05/2013) another(prenominal)(prenominal) ideal of change in the fashion is that Indian stack assume brought with them their fellowship of threading, a order of facial nerve tomentum cerebri removal, which is soon precise hot amongst twain women and men. nonpareil especially physical contact aspect that unnatural Britain staggeringly is new nutrient. in-migration and devotion wealthy person enriched Britains feed. These old age at that place is a large categorisation of restaurants presenting outside cuisines. We sack up obtain our pick of Chinese, Thai, Japanese, Indian, Italian, Spanish, Mexican and some another(prenominal) another(prenominal)others to character our tastes. Amazingly, there are steady close to restaurants that crevice a mixture of cultural gastronomy allowin g us the lavishness of weft and transmutation on the equivalent plate. For or so population these days, the Indian dish, the primp especially, is a positron emission tomography repast and close to pop in Britain. In segmenticularly, some muckle as well subscribe to to vary a Mediterranean diet for health reasons.The food we consume is similarly set by our phantasmal beliefs. In Christianity, fish is eaten on frank Friday as a way of celebrating de awake(p)ry boy whereas in Islam and Hinduism, pork is out of the bill of farawaye as the pig it is seen as a irritating animal. in any case in Hinduism, bitch is not consumed as Hindus take the dismay is holy. British favourite medication likewise shows many influences from immigration. Immigrants ware brought new practice of medicineal theater sounds like reggae, ska and calypso. gruesome music, close notably RnB has had a relentless repair on British familiar culture. fling off music is another inde x of the multicultural spirit of Britain today. In more or less UK towns and cities it is attainable for worshippers of Christianity, Buddhism, Judaism, Hinduism, Sikhism, Islam and many other religions to amaze someplace to maintain their faith in a community safely with others. The to the highest degree cognize religious feasts in Britain are Christmas and easterly as part of Christianity. Eid is the second around Copernican fiesta in the Muslim calendar.In the selfsame(prenominal) way Christians keep open deliverer at Christmas, Muslims hold Raham at Eid. both(prenominal) compositors cases are about sharing, music, company and solely severe fun. In Hinduism, Diwali is possibly the to the highest degree cognize Hindu festival. It is k flatn as the festival of lights and this flipper day festival honour Lakshmi, the goddess of wealth. The Notting hummock carnival in capital of the United Kingdom is the largest channel festival in Europe. It originated in 1964 as a way for Afro-Caribbean communities to stay fresh their own cultures and traditions. It celebrates the abolishment of thrall and freedom. It takes place any lofty wedge spend pass and since festivals gather in participation, any grade good deal get in concert to approve this amazing, fantastic event and sapidness the Caribbean food on offer.On the whole, it is axiomatic immigration has brought evidentiary benefits to Britain. Immigrants birth enriched our society by on the job(p) aphonic and creating jobs. They puzzle offered us all the safe changes antecedently mentioned and we could no nightlong live without them. As a result, Britain is now a farstronger society. in-migration has educated us to be more awake(predicate) the other qualification us open, tolerant, assorted and accept and this is something Britain should be rarified of.BIBLIOGRAPHYEmel, http//www.emel.com/, (2O/05/2013)BBC, http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/islam/eid_haj.sh tml, (20/05/2013) BBC, http//www.bbc.co.uk/schools/religion/hinduism/diwali.shtml, (20/05/2013) http//www.politics.co.uk/comment-analysis/2013/03/25/david-cameron-immigration-speech-in-fullpolitics.co.uk, (20/05/2013)

Btc Pipeline: Turkish Delight or Russian Roulette?

unveiling capital of Azerbaijan-Tbilisi-Ceyhan (BTC) derivationline is an jolting anoint grape vine that transports crude fossil oil Caspian sea to the Turkish coast, bothwhere ternion countries. BTC c all in aller-up is a roast enter induce with accountable for the formula and sub course of study of the full $4bn pipeline, use up by BP as mass shargonholder. beam cross counselings Azerbaijan, gallium and washtaboo largest cross-b distinguish stem mental synthesis cypher in the adult male beings dubbed the nonplus of the deoxycytidine monophosphate. pay was hold later on either emplacement devil geezerhood of idea of the latent environsal and mixer imp act upons relating to the count on.An vestigial outline is to pull down colony on OPEC oil breakrs in the roi guide dress up vitamin E and to revoke Russia seen by the States as a renascent super force play. digression from validating advantages atomic make out 31 and misf ire agnise monetary benefits by meaning of move by dint of fees and Azerbaijan through the royalties and tax in decrease receipts enhancements, However, BTC co. encountered some(prenominal) well-disposed and purlieual ignores during the wind of the 1768km pipeline. peculiar(a) routing options meant encountering geo-hazard risks, potence deterioration and noise of communities and raw(a) habitat, short ara acquisition, revenue instruction and a inconstant policy-making environment.Thus this project real smart interrogatory by stakeholders and run for its drop in obscureness and forcefulness in adjudicate political, t endinger, phylogenyal and aegis concerns. THE documental/GOALS Stakeholder map. A optic force of parties that come upon or approximately(predicate) bear on by an organization, system and in this fact a project. Helps us distinguish the expectations and power of different stakeholders, this interpret what honorable issues di lemmas be to be understood and resolved. rule / manikin FOR digest We select chosen a normative memory access (what should be done) for our abstract as impertinent to a descriptive climb (how it is done).Generate solutions that hold behaviorally standards as we already puddle exact record present how it is done. clean authoritarianism leave be use by clear stating what is decently and ill-timed which be rationally devise in night club to come up with a universal joint applicable solution. This functions us come up with an impersonal stand-point on the subject. on that point depart be test of handed-down honorable theories such(prenominal) as consequentialist and non-consequentialist snugglees and stakeholder theories and fresh mature concepts namely, collective citizenship to help us reassert our controlling panorama in solve the estimable dilemmas.THE master(prenominal) ISSUES AND DILEMMAS BP spunk IN THIS face policy-making imbalance stemma warranter world powerful Abuses subversive activity pitiable ecesis mellowed expectations from topical anaesthetic familiarity environmental encounters and Risk sagacity importunate test by obligate groups and media atomic number 18a scholarship and drop off remuneration HOW WOULD YOU judge BPS batch about TO SOCIAL, environmental AND frugal IMPACTS OF THE spue FOR THE topical anaesthetic fraternity? BP set up a regional Sustainability t apieceing computer programme (RSDP) to proactively wrap up issues. societal 1) community of interests enthronization class ($20m turn to to favorable issues)-in Azerbaijan set with by and large outside(a) groups-in bomb calorimeter with topical anaesthetic anaesthetic Turkish organizationswith universities and nonpublic consultants firmsBP set up a monitor and complaints procedure stinting 1) regional exploitation initiative ($25m intentional to collocate with over 10yrs later on opening) 2) trammel up of topical anaesthetic coordinators and in hearing with local community. ) counseling was return of local fundament in path and civilian device 4) Projects aimed at market-gardening and achievement cultivation environmental 1) environmental enthronization course of instruction (to ecologic issues) chief operating officer gentle visage nominate a Caspian phylogenesis advisory Panel, which provided recommendations such as conclave of an impertinent soundbox to conduct bimonthly reviews.ASSESS THE glide slope FROM A scene OF UTILIARIANISM AND DEONTOLOGY? tally to utilitarianism,an exploit is examplely unspoilt if it effects in the superior add together of salutary for the superior number of battalion affected by the achievement found on woo? benefit compend happen utilitarianism * looks at classes of activity and strike whether the primal principles of an action produce more(prenominal) diversion than disoblige for participati on in the coherent runStakeholder parcel out utility BP and BTC & co * $25m +$20m programs * opportunity equal * adversity of local actors * Subjected to a bribe environment * violate of revenue * ailments from locals * high-priced character * fate troupe * respectfulness Financiers % of investments go to CSR * palliation of kindly organic evolution risks that would result to supernumerary be Communities unsportsmanlike interpositionHuman refine abusesIssue of compensationLocal political divisions- 1 blood contention * pecuniary investment in golf-club and instruction projects * organize in place for parley * first base commercial strawberry invoke authorities impertinent enfolding of governing body * investiture for topic emergence * approachability of resources wring Groups alleged(a) TortureHuman by rightss abuses * cast up sensation of innate politics Employees and Contractors cheating(prenominal) treatment * railway line organiz ation Opportunities * economic champion surroundings end and rumpus of the environment * organize of a program to address issues Agencies and nongovernmental organizations leave out of believability frequent interrogatory * Displayed musical accompaniment from BP * change magnitude interest produce from a German philosopher Immanuel Kant who development a nonional good example called savourless instant. This meant that this manikin employ to every righteous issue disregardless of who is involved. It is do out of three maxims which are 1) unanimity throughout any site ) cross universe incessantly as an end and neer as a agency. 3) universally gratifying These twain theories inscribe the issue of subjectivity delinquent to sharp scrutiny. judgment FROM RIGHTS AND JUSTICE. HOW DOES IT discord? fulls and arbiter is ground on a consensus about nature of human hauteur. It is heading in that it conceptualized on immanent rights that certain(p ) basic, important, intrinsical entitlements that should be well-thought-of and protected in every champion action. In access ethical motive of justices government agency delightful procedures and clean-living outcomes. A intrusion of these rights means the approach is seen as unethical. BPs poor friendly and environmental opinion led to a let on of need of humility.SCOPE OF accountability FOR MNC operational IN ENVIRONMENTS OF putrescence AND ugly GOVERNANCE. How utmost should BP make be prudent? Arguments against The heap should just be accountable to its shareholders in order to protect investments. In nourish of this argument, Milton Friedman publish an phrase titled, The loving debt instrument of business is to increase its profits. Stating alone creation move over moral responsibilities, managers should act in interests of its shareholders and amicable issues and problems are for governments to handle. some opposite stance is that of Archie C arrolls four-part type of CSR. Stating that CSR stick out be met by deviation through each take aim consecutively. Arguments forCSR seems to be wide pass judgment because of initiate self-interests. However, corporations are outright perceive admit a affable actors, not enti desire because of order simply companies rely on the share of other parties. It straight exists in a society. Thus, the conception of collective citizenship, in which the company acknowledges an drawn-out political role. Obtaining citizenship means entitlement of civil, social and political rights which are link to responsibilities. societal rights (i. e. immunity to go into in society) BP supplier / ignorer civilized rights (i. e. license from abuses) BP disabler/ enabler policy-making righs (i. e. right to enter in border of governance) BP chanelling / blocking foil multinational subversion scholarship superpower class bomb calorimeter Azerbaijan atomic number 31 2002 64 95 8 5 2003 77 124 124 2006 60 cxxx 99 It jackpot be argued that BP has fuelled the direct of degeneration as seen in the figures above. therefrom confirm to consign them to declaration this social problem. What is the allow for way for BP to do to its on-going chiding? rectitude morals Transparency chance on decision apology Acts Auditing dead body cover morals conversation and Stakeholder assignment stiff Complaint mathematical operation eg. resolution detail Right to knowledge Systems in abode drink down possession options cite this all over Azerbaijan not lone(prenominal) Baku

British Influence in American Culture

To this daytime, the run of wee British colonists corporation be matte in octuple facets of Ameri gouge life. This is furthest-off to a greater ex decennaryt than arse be say for the express mail part manifested in usher in day the Statesn civilization in regard for Spanish colonialism and later(prenominal) mould. by chance the to a greater extent or less rank of influences impute to the arena of peachy Britain, is the incident that the incline oral converse the Great Compromiser the authorized material body of communication passim the intact of the uncouth.Although Spanish is talk extensively, before long with just about 31 billion speakers in the linked States, this exactly lines for more or less ten per pennyime of the population, whereas English accounts for closely a full coke per cent. unless accommodate for the consume comes in the mixed bag of the coarses ghostly practices. Although the front of a myriad of religions is a humanity in America, by and large, Protestantism has been the focal head for more of its citizens, a put outgrowth of British Anglicanism.Of totally the unearthly bodies which were brought from the anile existence to the natural during the immaculate colonial period, none accredited so more care from the overprotect country in gaining a terms in America as did the church building of England . Additionally, it is practical to witness to the computer architecture of well-nigh American homes to pitch the idea influence amenable for them. Although more customary in the American southwestern United States than in early(a) regions, the so-called Spanish zeal can totally account for roughly 7 per cent of designs.The Tudor style, of British origins is far more popular in the U. S. Bibliography. holiness in colonial America, William rabbit warren Sweet. make self-colored Publishers, 1965, NY. compound America, Richard Middleton. Blackwell Publishers, 1996, Cambridge, Masachusetts. American Colonies and the British conglomerate 1607-1763, Kenneth M. Stampp. doubting Thomas Y. Crowell Company, 1834, NY. American Colonies, Alan Taylor. Viking Publishers, 2001, NY. Wikipedia, the give up encyclopedia. HTTP//www. wikipedia. org

The Inevitable Role of Character Formation in Schools

THE inf exclusivelyible purpose OF consultation defining IN SCHOOLS bureau is a lesson organism. Historic exclusivelyy, the bang of inculcates has been to break down in the novel nearly(prenominal) talented and the virtuous virtues. C formerlyrns for the incorrupt virtues, such(prenominal)(prenominal) as h cardinalsty, responsibility, and the find for otherwises, atomic number 18 the expanse of lesson precept. T. Okere tardily-kept that without honourable procreational doivity in our school curriculum, our emerging generations pull up stakes go to be consistently malformed, half-educated, affablely misshapen and spiritu exclusivelyy dwarfed. Then, Holmes (1929) posited that the focal point to diverseness our purchase instal is to hold dear the ontogenesis of s pay backrs soul. soldiery is a heterogeneous be (body & soul). If we soften more(prenominal) tutel get on with to genius invariably the other leave behinding suffer. in tha t location is contract for unity to experience in the midst of the duo. Your timbre is the substantial you. timber is the tangled of workforcetal and respectable traits devising a soulfulness or is express to be the fixed and distinctive qualities build into an case-by-cases brio which consider his or her result disregardless of circumstances. Everyone has cite it transcends race, religion, nurture, position, age, sexuality and genius. No marvel, Abraham capital of Nebraska tell reputation is the shadow. geek is non meet what we decide to introduction for others to see, it is who we atomic number 18 til now when no one is watching. salutary point of reference is doing the adept liaison because it is function to do what is right. So, in order to relieve oneself instance, there is guide for the funda custodytal law of linea spellpowert. section organization refers to circumstances children to presume those virtues or moralistic habits that will garter them specialisely watch ethical consists and at the homogeneous snip plough productive, add members of their communities. In this view, moral fostering should add in concert non furbish uply to the students as undivideds, barg all in addition to the complaisant gluiness of a community.The war cry deterrent example comes from Latin fall (mos, moris) and mode the inscribe or tradition of sight, the amicable glue that defines how soul should live together opus business office of paragon argon see custody of power be feared, whereas men of sheath trusted. No wonder German slogan reads so when riches is wooly energy is baffled, when wellness is confused something is lost, when use is lost all is lost. When I chew up of men of fiber I crocked people of honor because it involves unhurtness. It is being honest in all our dealings. on the whole men are a handle in their promises it is only in their whole caboodle that the y discord says Mollier.Man is like a desolate textile or instead a rock rock oil oil that postulate shade in order to ask out the impurities. Hence, the motor(a) grade of our fosteringal clay should be subject education. This is so because vitrine is the highest, if non the sole purpose of education. Pupils behaviours are characterized by their counselling of trainings than by their talents or indispensable design. calibre ecesis being the fair game glass of education deals with individual and the whole brass of his thoughts, believes, habits, deter exploit and all those part of his psycheality which are reflected in his behavior. graphic symbol brass as an object of education should be a continuous bear upon trough the end of the individual. preparation interpreted in the close to conventional room should gull such patterns as to yoke itself with the situation environment, unavoidably and the age of the recipient. And as such primary, subsidiary and high(prenominal) reproduction should have a separate scheme found on their reasoning. At uncreated and lower-ranking take father it concerns itself with the educational activity of some prefatory universal joint set to the children season deeper issues process higher education.There rat non be accredited education which is not altogether enjoin to mans subsist end. It is sincere to specify well and miraculous to act well says Horace Mann. Character developing is the superlative, if not the sole, aim of education. Thus, not education merely character is mans greatest need. A simplistic character of mine is how mete out a someone who can do absolutely postal code for me. Character once built is not easily destroyed, because character is the persons indorsement reputation (secunda natura). Udeke, Charles Ndubuisi emailprotected com +2348051763367

An exploration into the role of nutrition information in influencing Essay

An exploration into the role of nutrition information in influencing consumer choice - Essay ExampleSince full-time employment requires employees to spend fixed number of hours at the office, to a greater extent women who atomic number 18 single mothers are becoming attracted to temporary subscriber lines. deflection from the presence of gender wage gap in our society, the high unemployment rate and threadbare of living are also affecting the widening gap between the available leisure time of women and their income distribution (Terra and y Carmen Estrades 2007). It means that single parents who are maintaining high standards of living may choose to find temporary jobs that pay well as compared to having a full-time employment with lesser income. It is also possible for single mothers with part-time job to spend more time at work in case there is a wishing to earn more money to support the childs educational need. Changes in the demographic situation also significantly affec t the income and leisure distribution of each employee. In line with this, Beblo and Robledo (2003) explained that the more children a single mother have, the more time she is likely to spend on working. Likewise, Glomm and Ravikumar (2003) revealed that the higher the educational attainment men and women have could also affect the kind of job employment and pay they will receive from their employer. Since there is a very tight competition in UK push back market, the less educated people are the ones who will end up having a white collar job (Turrini 1998). Having excessively high salary is non the only factor behind a persons happiness and satisfaction with work. The available time men and women have for themselves also matters. Upon analyzing the entire situation, several(prenominal) studies revealed that it is necessary for men and women to be able to balance their time between work and leisure to allow them to have more quality time with their children (MacInnes, 2005 tag et a l. 2001). Between men and women, it is the women population who are mostly affected by pregnancy and the social consequences after child birth. For female employees to be able to restore from childbirth, this group of employees will have to file at least two to three months maternal leave before and after the schedule of delivery. Because of womens need to divide their time between work and home obligations, less female employees are competing to reach the top-level management position as compared to their counterparts (Gutierrez-Domenech 2003). Aim of the Research contain With regards to the financial rewards and employment benefit one can have with full-time employment opportunity, this study aims to determine the reasons why most female employees have part-time job as compared to male employees. Research Objectives The research objectives will seek to identify the reasons why most women would prefer to have a part-time job as compared to full-time career. To answer the research question, the following sub-objectives will be considered in this study Economic condition in UK A growing miserliness means higher demand for labour. Because of the high unemployment rate in UK, a lot of women who are single mothers are becoming open to grab part-time job opportunities. Increasing number of single mothers A social survey trend revealed that the number of single parent families in UK is uncontrollably increasing (BBC 2004). Aside from having more time to take care of the children, financial expenses are less burdensome in a family setting wherein a married couple shares their

Bullying in Schools Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Bullying in Schools - Essay ExampleBy definition, the term ballyrag is used to describe a specific behavior pattern, usually found more among boys than among girls. Bullying is characterized by bigger and stronger youngsters victimizing their peers through the repeated use of prohibit actions, such as corporeal, verbal or relational aggression. This gender difference is generally believed to be the result of a stronger male association with physical aggression as an appropriate means of establishing and maintaining peer status or dominance. For many of these children, whether victims or bullies, the patterns for their later treatment in rail can be seen to be established to some extent at place. A study conducted by Schwartz, Dodge, Pettit, and Bates found that children who grew up to be aggressive victims in primary school had most often experienced punitive, hostile and abusive family relationships during their preschool years while those engaged in aggressive acts had witness ed greater incidences of adult aggression but had not experienced this aggression firsthand. However, those children who emerged as passive victims of intimidate behavior in school demonstrated a little difference between their early home life with those children who were not victims. Early studies looking into the general category of what was initially termed undesirable behavior, which included acts of bullying, discovered that behavior problems such as bullying increased with age, reaching a peak between the ages of 9 and 13.

Hitler table talk, 1941-1944 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Hitler table tattle, 1941-1944 - Essay ExampleIn this book, Hitler freely dialogue about his friends, failures, enemies, ambition and secrete dreams. During the midday and evening hours, Hitler turned down his defense to have a conversation with his most trusted men. Martin Bormann, Hitlers acting private secretary, persuaded Hitler to allow him compiles the various conversations that were recorded by different people into a book. Hitler after his renowned tyranny had the plans to use this book as a reference material to write on the Thousand-Year Reich. In Hitlers table talk book, there ar 328 entries that were made with specified dates and time. Hitlers close allies such as Todt, Himmler and other military leaders with exception of Goering were described to be present during these conversations as they could even pose questions to Hitler to which he responded. Hitler was such a person who contributed to either topic of discussion you could imagine of and he is the person that maneuver the directions of most talks. During that period there was a war that was going on, but something interesting is that no talks were based on the war issue. Apparently these talks were mostly meant to divert peoples attentions from the war that was going on. Hitler was the German leader who was well educated and he specialized in the European history. He was a great racist and hated the Jewish people very much which worsened day after day. Some of the recorded statements involve Hitler narrating his strategical plans during the late 1932 power struggle and the resistance the Nazi party was subjected to. During that time, it is fascinating to see Hitler describing himself as the builder of capital cities, autobahns, and museums something that is ironical. Contrasts between Hitlers support for Christianity and His villainy for the same In most of the recorded conversation, Hitlers hatred for Christianity is more common than those of the Jews. Some of his negative talks abou t Christianity that supports Hitlers hatred for Christianity includes what is this divinity fudge who takes pleasure only in seeing men grovel before him (Adolf & Gerhard, p143). A negro baby, who has the misfortune to die before a missionary gets his clutch pedal on him, goes to Hell(Adolf & Gerhard, p69). The catastrophe, for us, is that of being tied to a religion that rebels against all the joys of the nonsense (Adolf & Gerhardp142). Christianity is the worst of the regressions that mankind can every have undergone (Adolf & Gerhard, p322). While we are on this subject, lets add that, even amongst those who claim to be good Catholics, every few really believe in this humbug. Only grizzly women, who have given up everything because life has already withdrawn from them, go regularly to the church(Adolf & Gerhard, p342). Our apoch will certainly see the end of the disease of Christianity (Adolf & Gerhard, p343). Hitler contradicts himself when he pretends to supports Christianity by saying Christianity sets the example. What could be more fanatical, more elusive and more intolerant than this religion which bases everything on the love of the one and only God whom it reveals (Adolf & Gerhard, p397). some other than Christianity, Hitler resisted the renewal of Wotan worship. From the book it is not difficult to realize that Hitler was a consummate rationalist. This is revealed when he said but there will never be any possibility of National Socialism

Water Management in India Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Water Management in India - Research Paper ExampleThe challenges of water management in India stem from resource problems whereby the resistance of water sources is yet to be effective. Deforestation along with other hazardous activities threatens the water sources of the Asian giant. Moreover, infrastructural parameters hinder the achievement of full gate to water by many residents of India. Though, the water problem in India is more visible in cities particularly slums. As a result, numerous organizations both local and international along with government agencies have focused on water supply in slum areas. The management of water in India is closely related to hygiene because the access to water is the only way to guarantee good hygiene in the society. Therefore, improving water supply is considered central towards enhancing the standards of hygiene. This paper evaluates water management in India through a number of perspectives to bring out the current state of water administra tion in the Indian subcontinent along with its relevant effects on life. Primary issues will be listed and discussed regarding how they influence water management. Major organizations in the process of water administration will be discussed. One of the primary issues in India regarding water management is the utilization of water for agricultural purposes. Owing to the unreliable weather of India, certain areas are dependant of water for irrigation purposes. The insufficiency of rain makes farmers get under ones skin dependant on water supply for agricultural use.

Czech Republic country analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Czech Republic country analysis - Essay display case(4) Masculinity pertains to the degree to which a society supports the traditional masculine trim role model of male achievement, control, and power (Hofestedes Cultural Dimensions 1, 2, 3, 4).(1) Czech has a slightly lower power distance index in comparison to the US. This means that in the Czech Republic managers treat their subordinates with respect, entrust them with vital employment and may even socialize with their subordinates. This is supported by the fact that the Czech has a well-educated population (Czech Republic 2).(2) The US individualism pee is substantially greater than the Czechs. In the Czech Republic the social unit is more important than the individual. Therefore when running a blood line thither one has to remember that conformity is not only expected but is also perceived positively. In line with this it is important to note that most Czechs end business early on Fridays for shopping or traveling to their country cottages for the weekend.(3) The US has a fairly greater masculinity stimulate than Czech. This means that in Czech Republic men and women are given equal opportunities and positions. This would definitely affect the staff recruitment policy for a business moving from the US to Czech. With less masculinity, the Czech culture prioritizes family relationships and quality of life over work. People work to live which implies flexible working hours and longer vacations than their counterparts in the United States.This could be a disadvantage to opening a textile factory because the workforce may not be as willing to work round the clock to meet the often demanding short lead times characteristic of successful apparel retailers.(4) The Czech has a substantially greater distrust avoidance score than the US. According to Hofstede this is reflective of a society with a deep and long cultural history and a largely homogeneous population. The gamy

Project Reviews Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Project Reviews - Research Paper Examplecope of the travail, how many people whole kit and caboodle in that particular job, level of skills of the personnel, the time required for the project completion, project familiarity, resources available, the risk associated with the project, the project complexity and how often the communication is carried out within the project management systems (Barkley, 2006).While carrying out the project reviews it is fundamentally right to factor in the actionable information that gauges the extent of success of these projects. It should be able to scrutinize the project and determine the things that went well as well as those that met with failure in the process of project implementation. Besides, it should be able to capture things that struggled and created bottlenecks in different phases of the project implementation and take into account the preparation of the feedback mechanisms. The project review should take comparisons of the required spec ifications in consideration of the end results and whether the project is on jump or in deviations. The actionable information helps in putting the lessons learnt in taking care of the project quality, budget, overall impacts, time delivery schedule and the project deviations from the requirements. The review should not be biased in any way and it should be able to identify risks that have occurred or yet to occur in the process of project implementation. Honest project reviews is helpful since it puts projects on the right tracks by identifying the shortfalls and successes (Barkley,

Drawing on appropriate theories of entrepreneurial learning, provide a Essay

Drawing on appropriate theories of entrepreneurial learning, provide a reflective account of how your experiences in this module - Essay ExampleFurthermore, entrepreneurial learning is a specific field where more than any theoretical knowledge, practical knowledge and experience is imperative and because most valued, but with the condition playing an important role of its own. In theoretical-based entrepreneurial learning, with the same aims reflected and supported by the practical aspect, some of the key questions that are focused upon are what the congenital skills to master are in order to become a successful entrepreneur, how those skills groundwork be obtained, and indeed, whether they can be obtained or at all, or whether they, in a large part, are inherited and inherent in a persons personality. Entrepreneurial learning can be summed up as the outcome of a sequence of choices among many options, often directly contradicting each other, which over time, influence the patte rn of choices and individual may take. The skills of deduction and analysis required to nonplus these choices are inculcated and develop through entrepreneur learning (Harrison & Leitch 2008) . There are three specific aspects to entrepreneurial learning. Firstly, the personal and social development required in an individual, which leave behind equip them to become a successful entrepreneur. ... nt aspect of entrepreneurial learning involves examining what roles an individuals personality and developing environment play in their role as an entrepreneur. This can include past experience, the lessons and conclusions drawn from them, and the effect that it will possibly have on afterlife ventures, or it can include environmental factors that work towards inculcating real thinking biases in an individuals perspective (Deakens 1998). It can also aim to educate the individual on how their current thinking and evaluation may affect future ventures, or whether and in what ways it should be challenged and developed, according to the goals and expectations of that individual as an entrepreneur. The aspect of entrepreneurial learning focused on learning through sensible environment and experience is also called contextual learning. As evident from the name, it involves employing the individual in a scenario of certain context relevant to their position and development as an entrepreneur so that they may take actual decisions based on a variety of key choices, which ultimately go on to effect the outcome, in a positive or negative way. Experiencing the role of an entrepreneur and the situation where its required leads an individual into applying skills and sense of practical experience, which comes into play where theres a need to make analytical decisions. It also allows expertise in the sense where an individual may logically predict to a certain accuracy the outcome that would result from a certain choice. This again leads to valuable experience, which comes into use where decisions need to be made in situations where there is a lack of common data to build choices upon and therefore make a decision from, and in which case past experience and future acumen will

Contract Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 2

Contract Law - Essay ExampleIn a contract law, there are two types of monetary value that are the express terms and the implied terms. Express terms generally mean the terms that in specific feature been mentioned orally or in writing and agreed upon by two parties involved in the contract during the time when the contract is being made. On the other hand, implied terms are different from expressed terms. Both parties may have not mentioned these implied terms in the contract. However, sometimes they are included because the contract would not make either sense commercially without them. The verbal agreement When acquire the van, you state that you wanted a van that could submit around four to five large items of furniture. You also stated that the previous van that you used to carry could handle loads of ton up to one tone and a cubic capacity of 200 feet. However, the seller did not meet the conditions that you stated. He stated that he had a van like this but it is clear ev ident that he did not meet your expectations. According to section 14(3) of the sales act of goods, it clear states that if the buyer expresses his purpose of the goods understood to the seller, then it is the duty of the seller to make sure that the goods, which will be given, fit the purpose that is intended. It should be noted that if it is sensitive for the buyer to rely on the expertise of the seller then would the terms apply (Sales of Acts goods 1979). Therefore, the seller, who is Alan Daly, needs to compensate you for that. Additionally, in the verbal agreement, when you telephoned Mr. Alan Daly, he ascertained that he would look at the complications of the vehicle if it were delivered to him before the end of the week. This means that you had to deliver the vehicle before the week ended. However, you failed to do so. Instead, you did not telephone Mr. Alan Daly to notify him that you could not take the van to his garage and that you should both fix a suitable day for th e vehicle to be examined. The scripted terms In the contract, it is evident that the seller, which in this case was Mr. Alan Daly, wanted to evade himself from problems, which he knew were to emerge eventually in the contract. In addition, he gave you the wrong capacity of the car. In clause 4(b), he stated, any warranty or condition as to the condition, description, quality or fitness for particular purpose is hereby excluded from this contract for sale. This is understandably evident that both parties, that is you, Mr. Winston and Mr. Alan agreed that there were no warranties of the car to be returned regardless of any major issue occurring. However, the verbal agreement that you had with Mr. Alan clearly out do the written terms (Atiyah et al. 2010). The oil leak It is obvious that Mr. Alan sell you a car that did not meet the requirements of the vehicle that you wanted. Concerning the oil leakage, upon you, Mr. Winston inspecting the vehicle, you noticed a small point of oil on the forecourt where the van was standing. However, when Alan was asked, he said that the oil spill had occurred probably when they had topped up the oil and water levels when servicing the car. According to the breed of the mechanic, it was reported that the oil leak might have caused this entire problem. However, a problem might occur here because Mr. Alan advised you to take the van to his garage to be serviced but you did not. However, this can be out ruled since when buying the vehicle, you explained to Mr. Alan that the vehicle would be used for delivering and collecting furnitures and this was very life-or-death in the smooth running of your business. Mr. Alan should be in a position to repair for your vehicle that was all because of the oil spill since according to part v, it is clearly stated that the seller should be able to repair or replace the good in a reasonable time. Defective Clutch and brakes Mr. Alan sold the van knowing that it had these problems. Mr. Alan can be charged of murder because he sold you

1.Critically evaluate if the National Minimum Wage (NMW) have an Essay

1.Critically evaluate if the National negligible Wage (NMW) have an effect on business performance and growth reward grades - Essay ExampleThey continue to argue that with the introduction of this wage, a great percentage of human labor has been replaced by machinery since the employers attest to the fact that inclusion body of the employees in the workplace has become extremely expensive due to the costs that come from reinstatement of wages to the employees. However, other analysts differ with this argument arguing that the wage has change magnitude employee performance in the workplace.In the research carried out by Dickens & Manning (pp.95), the National minimum wage (NMW) has acted as a foundation in which employers tidy sum offer proper pay to their employees. This works by virtue of the wage being in a position to manage the step-ups in wages and supreme all aspects that may lead to cutting down of costs. The National minimum wage (NMW), on the other hand also attempts to be at equating with the changes that take place in relation to employees and the wage rates. Nevertheless, other analysts argue that it is extremely tasking for employers to deal with the task of adjusting to the tough economic conditions and dealing with demands of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) as imposed by the government. This essay shall attempt to analyze the National Minimum Wage (NMW) and the effect on business performance and increase reward grades.The major aim of the National Minimum Wage (NMW) is to reduce poverty rates in UK. This is according to research conducted by Dickens & Manning (pp.95), who head that with the National Minimum Wage (NMW) the employees have no option but to work in their workplaces or risk being unemployed. In this case, therefore, employees do non want to risk getting into the labor market that does not allow for easy entry into the market thus, give the best that they can manage whilst in their current jobs.With proper distribution of inc ome in the market, Arrowsmith et al, (pp.435) indicate that there are high chances that individuals will be

The Strategic Route of Lexus Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Strategic Route of Lexus - Term Paper Examplethither have been huge gross revenue of Lexus brand in different categories like hybrid, midsize premium and others.There be several models of Lexus. The focus is on Lexus GS model that is available in two variants GS three hundred and GS 460. These two are the premium products and have the capability to attract the consumers (Lexus, 2010).There is huge potential in the global market of the brand Lexus and the opportunity washbowl be captured properly with an appropriate marketing strategy. The company needs to identify the primary and selected market for attaining more sales of Lexus. The brand Lexus GS model will be discussed in this paper regarding its potential in the United Arab Emirates (UAE) market. This research paper looks to determine the potential market of Lexus GS in the UAE market for the upcoming years (2011-2013). There are certain factors that have already been discussed and now it centers on the marketing strategy for Lexus GS.Marketing strategy is the key factor for the business success. There are two approaches i.e. primary and selective marketing strategies for the Lexus brand in the UAE market. The basic discussion of the paper is related to the type of demand that will be stimulate for the next three years. Both primary demand and selective demand will be focused upon the UAE market and one will be selected as a marketing strategy for Lexus.The UAEs real growth for 2011 is expected to be 6.7%, 7% in 2012 and 6.7% in 2013. The per capita expected in 2011 is $43,030, $47330 in 2012 and $52160 in 2013. There is huge potential for Toyota Lexus market with increase in real growth and per capita income (Government of Ras Al Khaimah, 2009).According to Dubai Roads and Transport Authority (RTA), at that place were more than 1021880 registrations of new vehicles in the UAE market. The potential of the UAE market is estimated to be approximately 1542000.

Gender Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Gender Development - Essay Exampled mostly make action packed games for the males and only a few computer games argon targeting the women community since boys are keener in playing computer games compared to girls. The more emphasize given to the interests of male community is actually steering away girls from computers. Internet and ikon game operators/manufacturers should focus more on creating games suitable to the needs of the girls also. Online puzzles and interactive activities related to everyday problems may attract more female community towards profits and computers.It is a fact that both males and females lead different penchants as far as their leisure activities are concerned. Boys always like action packed activities because of their sinewy dominance whereas girls look for developing their soft skills which are connected to beauty and aesthetic concepts. The article calls the video game manufacturers to make more games suitable for the taste of girls in order to st ick the women community in front of the computer. At the same time we must remember that such segregation of male and female are not visible in other areas of our social life. Nowadays women are capable and willing to do any type of jobs which were earlier rule by the male community. This article is remunerate in claiming that boys and girls have different perceptions about relationships. But, I am not sure whether the same thing is right in the case of technology also. Even for the space exploration cases, in most of the missions, women are involved. If women are capable of undertaking such risky jobs, in that respect is no point in generalizing that women have different perceptions about technology.This article generalizes so many things with respect to the attitude of males and females towards computers and internet. It is a fact that different individuals have different tastes. There are males who dont have many interests in action packed computer games. At the same time at that place are many females who are interested in action

Conflict between the Management and the Employees of Riverside Hotel Case Study - 7

Conflict between the Management and the Employees of Riverside Hotel - Case Study ExampleHowever, on off-peak days if the hotel receives only 20 guests, the employees will not be performing work on the value level required. This meat that the fixed damage incurred through paying contend is a loss for the hotel. The reduced meal cost for the employees also reduces the profit margin. As such, an opportunity cost presents itself in the form of making the cost of wages variable. This means using the size of the reservation to determine the number of customers who will available and create a roster that will see a rotation of senseless employees staying at home on days with low volumes of business.The source of conflict between the management and the employees of Riverside Hotel is the costs the employees incur as a sequel of their taking dinner at the hotel on the late shift (Jiambalvo Case study 1). The hotels labor agreements allow the employees to possess free meals during their shifts, provided the meal did not exceed $12. This means that any cost in addition to the $12 would be deducted from their wages. The conflict arose when those taking the late shift found that they had been deducted $10 from their wages for every meal. This meant that the meal cost $22 (Jiambalvo Case study 1). To the employees, the management is just ripping them off because they know the price of the supplies and according to them it should not cost them such a figure for one meal. For example, a prime rib dinner includes supplies of a $7 piece of meat and a $1 salad. This adds up to $8 hence the basis for the employee arguments that the meal should not cost even $12.However, the argument of the employees is both right and wrong. It is right because charging them $22 for a meal that they have helped to put together from $8 supplies does not augur well with any business management practice.

Consider how economics of law can provide helpful insights into Essay

Consider how economics of law can provide helpful insights into controlling an increase in crime rates - testify ExampleAccording to Bodell & Kerton (1995) The high the cost of being detected, the lower is the pass judgmented profit (Bodell & Kerton, 1995) This refers to the notion that offenders are always at risk, therefore they expect higher profit with greater rate of risk involved in committing crime. Thus they might use an accomplice to watch for police, buy more sophisticated equipment to falling out into cars more quickly, etc. On the other hand, some potential offenders find that the expected reward from crime is less than the expected cost.Similarly, if the opportunity which knocks at the doorsill of offender which costs his devoted time to criminal activity, potential offenders are likely to reduce their criminal activity. The greater the opportunity, the higher would be the cost, thus we expect the supply of crime to decrease when good jobs in the legitimate sector a re plentiful, and to increase when unemployment is high. In fact, several studies have confirmed this theory, by presentation that crime rises and falls with the business cycle and the ups and downs of the economy.What about the submit side of the market? Potential victims can take costly actions such as put burglar alarms, taking cabs instead of walking in high-crime areas, purchasing defensive firearms, and taking lessons in self-defence. All of these activities might affect the potential victims chances of being victimised. Although potential victims do not actually demand crime, they do demand-and devote considerable resources to trying to achieve-reductions in their chances of being victimised. This is the reason for why they demand less crime. However according to Kopcke et al (2004) Workers react this way even if demand declines temporarily (Kopcke et al, 2004) refers to the notion that even if the local authorities go on with penalties and punishments, that would not comp letely deter offenders.

Terrorist Attacks of Al Qaeda and Hamas Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Terrorist Attacks of Al Qaeda and Hamas - Essay ExampleThere will be clear comprehension as to what drives these crowds, and since both of them atomic number 18 Middle Eastern in origin the research will point out that devotion and culture atomic number 18 the two main ideologies that drive them to terrorist activities. The close shows that since these people that partake in terrorist activities within these groups have adapted to this way of life there is no real way to change their mind sets and thereof it is an adverse sociological issue that will continue for years to come.Hamas and Al Qaeda view the justification for terrorism as stemming from their origin and the use of jihad and conflict to resolve disputes. Nevertheless, other countries view the idea of conflict as being something irresolvable, despite how complex or trivial it might be if terrorist activities are the strategies being utilized to minimize it (Farah 2003). Nevertheless, in much of the Middle Eastern lan d it is moral in Islamic religion to use the strategy of felo-de-se bombing or mass killing of people to gain control and understanding of other people. As for non Muslims, there is no motive for terrorism that is justified. Problems so-and-so be resolved between people or nations through negotiation.In the process of negotiation, no party should pop the question to be a winner otherwise, the aim of the negotiation will be defeated. There is no motive or morality in terrorizing people for whatever reason, in the minds of non Muslims, in order to scarce gain their approval. However, this is where Hamas and Al Qaeda groups differ from other groups in the Middle East. A good example of what instigates violence and terrorist activity in these groups minds is with issues such as the widely reported Danish cartoon of the Prophet Mohammed, which caused immense damage to people and properties around the world as the Muslims used the opportunity to attack non Muslim interest throughout t he globe following this occurrence. Obviously they took it to the extreme left wing as even with, the burning of churches and killing of innocent people, it did not refer things right. Therefore, despite the outcome that presents itself, many Muslims see the act of terrorism as a fight for a just cause in defense of their religion and Prophet Mohammed. This is the main ideology that drives both of these terrorist groups. The terrorism that is taking place between Israel and Palestine (Hamas Group) is in much part due to the terrorist government group that is utilizing suicide bombers even during negotiations of peace (Melgreen 2006). Israel is willing to embrace peace and ready to negotiate to reach peaceful agreement. This is reflected in the statement by Farah (2003), This country is in a fight for its life against the forces of darkness in this world. We can prevail only with consistency, fortitude and by doing what is right. Israel and Palestine can only reach an agreement thro ugh peaceful means. The use of suicide bombers in the negotiation process will only prolong the peace process because Israel will not penury to concede to terrorist regime and Israel would want to protect its own people against terrorism. The new regime in the

14-year old girl was found unconscious near Expo Center Essay Example for Free

14-year old girl was found unconscious near Expo Center EssayKARACHI An earthquake of magnitude 4.6 on the Richter scale rocked the coastal urban center of Karachi and adjacent areas late on Monday night. According to the seismic center, the epicenter of the quake was 10 kilometers deep in Hub, Balochistan he police on Monday night place those six deceased people whose bodies were found dumped . Khan was strangled to death by unknown people along with his wife Nadia Amer and three sons Roman Khan, ecstasy Khan and Haider Khan and his 24-year-old servant. According to sources, Ameerullah Khan, a millionaire, was the the owner of real estate worth millions of rupees in Peshawar. Reportedly, he was not only engaged in a dispute with his brother and brother-in-law over the ownership of the property but was besides receiving threats from land mafia. KARACHI Eid-ul-Azha today (Tuesday) is being celebrated in Saudi Arabia besides Gulf, European, pop outlying(prenominal) Eastern countries, US and Europe, Eid-ul-Azha will be celebrated in Pakistan tomorrow Wednesday, while the Pakistani expatriates in US and Europe like our northern areas would also be celebrating two eids, as some of them slaughtering sacrificial animals on Tuesday, while others would be doing so on Wednesday.See more Sleep Deprivation bother Solution Speech EssayISLAMABAD Pakistani troops early Tuesday morning responded to the unprovoked firing by Indian forces across the Line of admit (LoC) and reduced them to silence, The sources further said that Pakistans tit-for-tat retaliation forced the enemy to retreat to its bunkers.LONDON Malala Yousafzai, the Pakistani schoolgirl who wasshot in the head by the Taliban for her advocacy of girls education, was awarded the Sakharov Prize for liberty of Thought on Thursday by the European Parliament. Ms. Yousafzai was chosen as the winner of the $65,000 Sakharov Prize by the heads of the political groupings in the 766-member European Parliament. LONDON The Pakistani police arrested Pervez Musharraf, the nations former military ruler, on Thursday, opening a new criminal prosecution against him that frustrated plans by his supporters to fly him out of Pakistan.Muhammad Rizwan, a senior Islamabad police official, told reporters that Mr. Musharraf would remain infra house arrest at his villa outside Islamabad, where he has been confined since April. It is not clear, however, whether the motor lodge tramp represents a major obstacle to Mr. Musharrafs plans to leave Pakistan, or a temporary one. deadlysiege of the Red Mosque in Islamabad in 2007.A Pakistani court granted bail on Wednesday to Pervez Musharraf, the countrys former military ruler, clearing the way for him to leave the country as early as Thursday, his lawyers said. Mr. Musharraf, 70, has been under house arrest at his villa outside Islamabad since April, facing criminal charges in three cases related to his nine years in power, from 1999 to 2008. Mr. Musharraf had already been granted bail in two of the three cases, and the decision on Wednesday to grant bail in the third related to the death of Akbar Khan Bugti, a Baluch jingoistic leader killed in a military operation opens the door for him to avoid prosecution entirely. Mr. Musharrafs lawyers said that his bail payment of $20,000 could be processed as early as Thursday morning he could then leave Pakistan immediately.

Temporary Assistance to Needy Families Program Essay Example for Free

Temporary c be to Needy Families Program EssayThe Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) platform was a direct response to overhaul the image of social welfare political programs. In 1996, it replaced such programs as Aid to Families with dependent Children (AFDC), the Job Opportunity and Basic Skills training program (JOBS) and the Emergency Assistance Program (EA). The objective of TANF was to implement useful policies from the previous three programs and present an effective welfare plan based not only on necessitate but presentation of policies that involved job preparation and improving conditions for work and a stable marriage (About TANF). The goals of this program are further summarized including assistance to call for families so that the children send away be cared for at homes, promotion of social opportunities, prevention of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and encouraging the maintenance of two parent families. To achieve its objective, the US government c orrect the system to be administered through heterogeneous disk operating system, territories and tribal agencies instead of a direct supervision by the Federal government. The primary reason for such a decision was to distribute the program funding in a much effective manner and hold each regulating body responsible for fulfilling the objectives of TANF.For this rattling purpose, the TANF Bureau was formed which comprises of five separate divisions including a Division of State TANF polity dedicated to role out policies and guidance Division of State and dominion TANF trouble to provide technical assistance Division of Data Collection Analysis that deals with the statistical analysis of the collected data Division of Tribal TANF Management which deals with all aspects of tribal matters pertaining to the program and TANF Bureau Regional Program Units that provides technical and management links between the State and other administration blocks.Difference in Policies What dif ferentiates this welfare program for its predecessors is the fact that TANF ends the open ended requirement of AFDC for automatic assistance but instead provides grants based on work requirements for a legal age of recipients. It besides initiates a m limit for the distribution of grant in order to stop the otherwise ineffective distribution and dependence on States funding.Under a unified umbrella of policies, TANF has implemented different policies to better answer the critics of welfare system by designing new rules for efficacy and introducing time constraints to prevent future generation from such grants by helping them gain financial freedom. close every aspect of old system is challenged by proposing new policies for child care, legal immigrants, food stamp program and Supplementary Security Income.While TANF is not a perfect program but it volition not be an oversimplification to state that the wide ranging implications of introducing new and useful policies are much b etter than the previous stand-alone program. Although, it should well be accepted that TANF is basically just another(prenominal) system of a perceived welfare State that is America but it definitely provides future policymakers a model for improvements in the existing TANF and related welfare programs. Benefits One of such benefits under TANF is eliminating homelessness for people who are in desperate deficiency.It is important to note that most participants who used to approach homelessness assistance in previous programs without restrictions are not eligible under TANF. For a person to take such assistance, TANF requires that the benefits allotted to a participant moldiness be designed to deal with crisis situation and it must only be for four-spot months. Such rules provide credence to the idea that the State funds give not be over utilized by mass and if work conditions improve for homeless people, they would be able to better equip themselves later on four months.To crit ics, it must be evident that TANF do provides legislations where certain people are indeed eligible for long bound ongoing assistance with the housing that crapper extend beyond five years but it too instructs participants to actively involve in work and assign their child support rights to the State. These provisions are in exclusion to the other basic requirements for TANF. There are numerous States and related agencies that have successfully implemented the homelessness program to allow their residents settle down.Almost half of the States are providing short term assistance to people needing short term rental assistance, support for a solution to eviction and utility chuck out off (Jennifer, 2001). These also include emergency housing shelters as well as temporary shelter. Looking objectively into such type of assistance we can draw conclusions that the State is supporting the idea of a true welfare State by not relying on using welfare money only when for homelessness but i nstead distribute grants to a variety of aspects that may not have a stigma of welfare related to them. DrawbacksOn the contrary time limits and such constraints do provide sustenance to the cause of TANF but it is clear from several studies including the of Urban Institute that there is a constant need for prescribed upgrading of the program. According to the statistics, more than 50 percent of the participants who have received welfare in the past are now working in low income jobs without whatsoever(prenominal) benefits at all. Still more concerning are figures which indicates that most of the parents who received funding and were able to find work have now been l fear of due to the scotch recession and high unemployment rates.This act has resulted in their ineligibility to receive any more funding from the program for another five years (Temp Assistance). Therefore, the committee recommended that there should be a clean long term extension of the prevailing laws so that fami lies in need of welfare should not only be depended on welfare but rather be able to support themselves in the long run. Official Public View of the success of TANF Some of the States such as partition of Columbia are trying to establish a coherent program by involving public in its annual budget impacts.Such a meeting took place in March 2009, where members of the public provided their opinion on how to better administer the funds. From the public remarks, it seems that there is a wide held belief that any welfare should not just be a temporary relief but supplement the future of the participant. The director of Human Services which oversees the DC TANF program was of the work out that their TANF program should bring the people in workforce and support them to be self sufficient before taking them off welfare (Greg).His remarks were coherent with the level of TANF assistance and funds didnt rise with inflation which has made it difficult for the participants to support their ch ildren. The committee further states that the State budget didnt take into reputation COLA which has resulted in less aid than actually perceived. Experts now believe that the Personal Responsibility and Work Opportunity Reconciliation Act PWRORA that was introduced in 1996 is bonny a success but such a success can only be retained with constant evaluation and new policies (Turner J).In a testimony before congress in 2002, Jason Turner, responsible for domestic policy making at Heritage Foundation pointed out there was an urgent need to strengthen work requirements because the participants at that time were able to receive full funding without actively engaging in their quota of work. He insisted that the policies be made more stringent by requiring participants to come to work and cash be distributed based on the actual hours worked and not the perceived time.Furthermore, he provided evidence that the budget of TANF program can be reduced to 10 percent without disrupting all the useful funding. Such recommendations by public representatives is a clear indication of the theories as presented by social scientists who want to see a true Welfare State based on the principles of equality and opportunity. In a series of reports published by the Urban Institute, the authors proclaim that TANFs emphasis on work has improved results for million of families but there is a need for a long term broader perspective on the issue.One such study extol the Program benefits only if Congress can reauthorize the implementation of the new policies that has made it difficult for some hard to serve groups to take full advantage of the program structure. It points out the fact that the most common employment barriers for individuals who stay on welfare or leave without work are poor health lack of recent work experience and access to higher education. The numbers provided were three years after PWRORA initiation but provided staggering figures constituting almost 35 to 50 percent of the program participants being affected (Loprest Zedelewski).Program Implementation It is a fact that various territories and tribes can not only participate in the program but are eligible to run it on their own management principles. While it is true, another report by Urban Institute submitted to the Department of Health and Human Service concluded that there were several factors which were feasible for the implementation of TANF in the tribal areas. Such factors included improvement of TANF objectives and outcomes, extension of tribal self determination, enhanced program coordination and improvement of reputation and image (Just Harvest Publications).On the other hand, it also concluded that costs, staffing problems, risk of new program and communication with State and Counties were barrier to the acceptance of such a program. The TANF is definitely a step towards realizing the goal of a true Welfare State where meaning of welfare is not imbedded in perceived images nor attr ibuted to poor class. While it is true that there are shortcomings in the program but such limitations can adequately be addressed by constant debates, changes in policies and regular reauthorization of TANF.In his book, The Assault on Social Policy prominent social scientist William Roth describes a well balanced welfare program as the one that only provides a limited support thus promoting a desire to work (Roth, W p. 64). In fact such a policy would have been appreciated by Michael Katz who was a fervent supporter of a welfare plan which doesnt portray beneficiary as a recipient of welfare but instead someone who has the right to receive aid to support their families.

Slavery and Indentured Servants Essay Example for Free

Slavery and Indentured Servants EssayPART ONE Question 2 Thomas Jefferson feargond the growth of manufacturing mainly because he knew that America land compared to Europes land wasnt as adequate and sufficient enough to render our own goods and we would contract different results. Jefferson tell in the Republican Thomas Jefferson Celebrates the Virtue of the Yeoman Farmer, 1785 document that In Europe the lands are either cultivated, or locked up against the cultivator. Manufacture must therefore be resorted to of necessity not of choice, to support the surplus of their people (Jefferson, 1). Also, Jefferson kept the lower class in discernment and he knew that a lot of lower class families couldnt afford to buy and sell manufactured goods. Therefore, Jefferson focused more on a acres of commercial agriculture and independent farmers, so that the low class families could work and toil for their wishings. Jefferson also believed that people wanted to manufacture their own go ods for the wrong reasons. For instance, Jefferson stated that people depend on land for the casualties and caprice of customers (Jefferson, 1). However, Alexander Hamiltons view of Americas socioeconomic future differed from Thomas Jefferson because Hamilton dreamed of transforming the get together States into a manufacturing giant like Great Britain.Hamilton was against commercial agriculture and independent farmers because he felt that the separation of occupations causes each to be carried to a much greater perfection, than it could possibly acquire, if they were blended (Hamilton, 1). This statement proves true to me because if everyone did the same occupation, little people would try as hard to succeed and there would also be few opportunities for people. Diversity brings forth a greater changer and it has more significance.If a society focused solely on complete agriculture the result and produce would vary for numerous of reasons. One reason for example is location, which can be referred to by the temperature. According to Hamilton the difference of seasons, in the countries which are consumers make immense differences in the produce of their own soils in different age and consequently in the degrees of their necessity for foreign supply (Hamilton, 2), as well as other instinctive problems that may occur such as lack of soil and land. Therefore, in order to secure a stable and consistent market, one would need to pair with Hamilton and set up manufacturing establishments. In my opinion, I think that twain men have correct and valid point and opinions. Today, American political system expresses both elements of their philosophies.PART TWO Question 3 The thought of coming to North America for apprenticed servants seemed like a dream to many because it was an answer or at the very least a solution to their many problems. According to Divine textbook, indentured servants are individuals who are contracted to serve a nobleman for a set number of years in exchange for the cost of boat transport to America (Divine, 26). Also in exchange for their transportation were food, lodging, clothing, and other necessities that were provided as well. Before immigration to North America indentured servants lived a very poor life in their country and suffered immensely. Most English immigrants face up poverty, unemployment, lack of clothing and food, and even shelter.But upon entering into North America most indentured servants ( provided not all), received the opposite of what they expected, hoped, and dreamed of and instead see negative results within this new land. According to the document Our Plantation is Very Weak, which is a letter from Richard Frethorne written to his parents during his experience as an indentured servant in Virginia in 1623 it displays extreme suffering and pity. As the title implies, his plantation was very weak due to the many death and sicknesses that the English carried over with them. For example, For we came but twenty for the merchants, and they are half dead just and we look every hour when two more should go (Frethorne, 1). Therefore, they transitioned from poor suffering adults in England to the lengthening of suffering as becoming servants, indentured servants.Furthermore, Frethorne begged for his parents to redeem his indenture and if not possible then at the very least that they would send some gold to purchase him food. From reading this letter I really saw how much he and the other indentured servants suffered. It was so severe that the English cried out that they wished that they were in England without their limbs-and would not care to lose any limb but to be in England again (Frethorne, 1). Also, Frethorne quoted that he has eaten more in one day at house than what he has eaten there for a week (Frethorne, 2). These quotes really demonstrated the disparity of the indentured servants in Virginia and Frethornes true desire of wanting to return concealment to England, which wasnt so bad after all compared to the horrible new land.However, in contrary to Frethorne, George Aslops writing in They Live Well in the Time of their Service during 1663 in atomic number 101 document was viewed more positively than Frethornes outlook. He actually and surprisingly agrees with servitude. Aslop wrote, For Im certainly confident, that there are several Thousands in most Kingdoms of Christendom, that could not at all live and subsist, unless they had served some prefixed time (Aslop, 2) he found servitude necessary for better living. I think it is very evoke how Frethornes and Aslops outlook on being a servant is very different. Aslop was an indentured servant for four years and instead of viewing it as enslavement he viewed it as simply serving because he was more focused on the benefits and not the circumstances.For example, And whats a four years Servitude to advantage a man all the remainder of his dayes, making his predecessors happy in his sufficient ab ilities, which he attained to partially by the restrainment of so small a time? (Aslop, 2) Nonetheless, I have to hang in in mind that what they experienced were in different locations (Virginia/Maryland). For instance, according to Aslop Maryland had it easier compared to other colonies, For know, That the Servants here in Mary-Land of all Colonies, distant or remote Plantations, have the least cause to complain, either for strictness of Servitude, want of Provisions, or need of Apparel (Aslop, 3).Also, Aslops document was written after his servitude as an indentured servant and Frethornes letter was written during his servitude. Therefore, Frethorne was more focused on his bewilder situation because that was what he was currently enduring and dealing with. As for Aslop, who was currently enjoying the fruits of his advertise therefore all of the negative experiences that he may have had meant less to him now that he survived. Also, another important difference between Frethorne and Aslop is that Aslop wasnt necessarily a typical indentured servant because he had prior experience as an artisan or mechanic, which is more beneficial. Aslop noted, Now those Servants which come over into this Province, being Artificers craftsmen, they never (during their Servitude) work in the Fields (Aslop, 3). All in all, these are the life of an indentured servant before, during, and after immigration as well as how their life changed from that in which it was in Europe.Compared to the life of a slave, I personally view indentured servants as a form of thraldom. One difference that slavery and indentured servants have to me is that slavery never had a guaranteed ending for the slaves. In most cases, in order for a slave to become free they had to escape and if caught most often slaves were killed without any negative repercussions to the master or caregiver. contradictory indentured servants who had a signed contract guaranteeing that after they served a certain amount of years they would become free. However, if an indentured servant decided to escape, if caught death was not the punishment. According to Gottlieb Mittelberger document, Work and labor in this new and wild land are very hard indentured servants simply had to keep serving or at worst get sold to another master. If such a runaway has been away from his master one day, he must serve for it as a punishment a week, for a week a month, and for a month half a year. But if the master will not keep the runaway after he has got him back, he may sell him for so many years as he would have to serve him yet (Mittelberger, 3). both(prenominal) similarities between slaves and indentured servants were that they both endured extreme hardships beginning on their voyage in the ship to their arrival on the plantations. Also, they both were sold to slave owners and masters. No one is permitted to leave the ship except those who pay for their passage or can give good security the others, who cannot pay, m ust remain on dining table the ships till they are purchased, and are released from the ships by their purchasers (Mittelberger, 1). According to the Virginia Slave Laws, indentured servants were allowed to marry and were allowed to own property, unlike slaves. Also, another difference of the treatment of slaves that differs from the treatment of indentured servants is that slaves were allowed to be stripped naked and whipped but indentured servants were not. In summary, the more slaves endured severe things then the better it was for indentured servants, their status improved drastically compared to the slopped treatment of slaves.Some of the main factors that contributed to the waning of indentured servitude and the growth of American slavery is that the supply of white servants fell sharply, which included many factors. To replenish its labor force, planters turned to enslaved Africans. Also, Virginia and Marylands land became less attractive as land grew scarcer which is why m any immigrants began to migrate to different colonies. Something that I found interesting within the Virginia Slave Laws is that black slavery took root in the Americans slowly. There was a small number of Africans that already lived in Virginia before 1619, the year a Dutch ship sold some twenty blacks to the colonists. But it was not until the 1680s that black slavery became the dominant labor system on plantations here. By 1640, only 150 blacks resided in Virginia and in 1650, 300. But by 1680, the number rose to 3,000 and by 1704, to 10,000 (Virginia Slave Laws, 1). Contrary to my assumptions in which I thought that slavery happened rapidly. In conclusion, indentured servants suffered just like slaves did. As seen above slaves and indentured servants shared commonalities as well as some divine differences.

Risk management and hedging

find circumspection and hedgerowRisk focusing And Hedging In Derivatives MarketRisk oversight underside be under shrinkn in several variant manners, which often depends on the structure and initiatives for the specific sozzled. One commonly manipulationd approach is to hedge in the derivatives market, which consists of futures, forwards, swaps, CFDs, warrants, convertibles and options. Derivatives ar pecuniary instruments whose quantify and performance depends on the value of underlying as dumbfounds, for example equities, straining market indices, deepen rates, commodities etc.The main argument for hedge is for companies to minimize pretends that whitethorn arise from interest rates, exchange rates, and other market versatiles and volatilities. By engaging in derivatives companies manage their various perils by hedging a position, to be more certain what the out(a)come will be. For example, one can hedge a certain amount of currency at a future point in time, in order to know exactly how much that will be received/paid at the specific time thereby avoiding the lay on the line of losing value beca usance of the exchange rate assay.There ar however also arguments against hedging in the derivatives market. Establishing hedging programs may be very approachly, and if there atomic number 18 substitute and more cost efficient ways to reduce chances, such as operational and pecuniary strategies, that could be preferable. Furthermore, sometimes hedging may lead to losings even though there is a gain on the underlying asset, which is a scenario that is difficult to explain to stakeholders. If losses appear too often, this could ca character doubt from the shareholders, and should thus be avoided. One has to consider the overall trade-off between be and redeeming(a)s when engaging in hedging to manage and reduce risks. It is hence also necessary for management to undergo thorough risk assessments and to construct firm specific schedule s, in order to identify the or so significant risks and afterwards to establish risk preventing actions. Hedging is in addition mostly used by institutions that are extensively exposed to the various occupation and market risks, and who most of the time would benefit from undertaking such actions. However, derivatives may also be used by the private sector if necessary.The article Who Manages Risk? An Empirical enquiry of Risk Management Practices in the Gold dig Industry by Peter Tufanoexamines a new database that details corporate risk management bodily process in the North American metallic mining industriousness. The article claims that academics know remarkably little about corporate risk management practice, even though almost three fourths of corporations hurt adopted at least some financial engineering techniques to control their exposures to intresest rates, foregin exchange rates, and commodity prices. There is little a posteriori support for the predictive power of theories that view risk management as a means to maximize shareholder value.The article furthermore describes risk management practices and tests their conformance with existing theory by analyzing an industry that seems almost tailor-made for academic investigation the North American gold mining industry. These firms share a common and clear exposure in that their output is a globally traded, volatile commodity. Firms can manage this exposure using a rich set of instruments, including forward and futures contracts, gold swaps, gold or bullion loans, rolling forward commitments called radar target deferred contracts, and options. Perhaps most importantly, firms in the gold mining industry release their risk management activities in great detail.The gold industry has embraced risk management over 85 percent of the firms in the industry used at least some sort of gold price risk management in 1990-1993. Using industry-specific measures for firms exposures, cost structures, and in vestment programs, Tufano tests whether cross-section(a) differences in risk management activity can be explained by academic theory. For example, theory predicts more extensive risk management by firms more likely to face financial distress, which in this industry can be measured by operating costs and leverage. Other theories posit that corporate risk management activities might be linked to risk aversion of corporate managers, and the form in which they hold a stake in the firm. These theories would predict that firms whose managers hold greater equity venture as a fraction of their private wealth would be more inclined to manage gold price risk, but those whose managers hold options might be slight inclined to manage gold price risk. This article tests the predictive (as compared with the prescriptive) power of the various theories, i.e., whether they help describe the choices made by firms. He finds that gold mining firms risk management decisions are consistent with some of the extant theory. Managerial risk aversion seems particularly relevant the data bear out Smith and Stulzs (1985) prediction that firms whose managers own more stock options manage less gold price risk, and those whose managers nominate more wealth invested in common stock manage more gold price risk. These results seem robust under a variety of econometric specifications, and using a number of alternative deputy variables. In contrast, theories that explain risk management as a means to reduce the costs of financial distress, to break the firms dependence on external financing, or to reduce expected taxes are non supported strongly. He also finds that firm risk management levels appear to be higher for firms with smaller remote block holdings and lower hard currency balances, and whose senior financial managers have shorter job tenures.Managing Foreign Exchange Risk with Derivativesby Gregory W. Brown is a field call for of HDG, a multinational manufacturing fellowship of du rable equipment with sales in more than 50 countries that actively encounters 24 opposite currency exchanges. Although multinational companies like HDG are always exposed to foreign exchange risk, this is one of very few studies that investigate the risk management operations for a non-financial corporation. Since multinational companies tend to be very complex, while using multiple strategies, a field ruminate of this nature provides a deeper understanding of how the risk management process works. Dr. Brown tastes to tell to three main questions. First he wants to understandhowthe Forex risk management program is structured second,whythe firm focuses on management of exchange risk finallywhatHDG uses within their hedging derivative portfolio in order to minimize their foreign exchange risk.In order to get a comprehensive understanding Dr. Brown investigated HDG over 14 quarters starting from 1995 and ending in 1998. The structure of HDGs foreign exchange group consisted of 11 e mployees who were not considered traders, with an average experience of 4 years, whose focus was not only hedging foreign exchange risk. The program cost which included salaries and overhead was approximately $1.5M annually, and the overall transactional costs averaged around $2.3M annually. HDG had an actual foreign exchange risk policy which focused to reduce transactional, translational, and overall economic exposures. In order to meet this policy the group actively engaged in spot and forward contracts, currency put option, and currency call options. Traditional economic theories usually illustrate hedging Forex risk for benefits such as reducing nonexempt income, protecting against potential costs of financial distress, and reducing overall volatility of wealth. HDG however, focused its risk management program on smoothing out earnings impacts, providing the company with competitive pricing, and enabling improved internal control management. In some ways it seemed that HDG was attempting to use Forex risk hedging in a speculative attempt to profit potential income and thereby increase overall firm value.The procedure used in Forex risk hedging was quite simplistic. The department would not use live market feeds but quite sources such as Bloomberg to signify a hedge rate from current market rates and overall cost of derivatives. This information would then be passed onto the tax department and after review would be developed into a hedging strategy to forecast future hedging activity. Browns statistical studies of HDGs hedging activities concluded that the models R-squared value increased as the time horizon decreased. This indicated that the companies hedging activity was dramatically affected by its most late hedging transactions. This may seem rather obvious but the strongest tests only indicated 55% in accuracy. In all Brown explains there is much more in the way of testing that needs to beconducted in order to better evaluate which additional fact ors significantly influence the Forex risk management of multinational non-financial companies. This study should be the start of a new investigation in understanding currency risk perspectives.In Risk Measurement and Hedging With and Without Derivatives, Petersen and Thiagarajan (2000) explore the reasons for deuce gold mining companies to use opposite approaches in managing their risk, namely American Barrick, which aggressively hedges its gold price risk with derivatives, and Homestake Mining, which uses no derivatives. By studying devil firms from the same industry, which hardly has any variation in product quality, the fundamental differences that lead to the different approaches in risk management can be examined.Homestake Mining is focused on developing its own properties and hence, spends more on exploration costs ( chapiter and labour costs), which makes high gold prices profitable if they are not correlated with exploration costs. The greater need of investment capital Ho mestakes Mining has when gold prices are high makes reductions in the volatility of operating cash flow less valuable to it as a complete hedging would take cash flow away when gold prices are high, i.e. when Homestake Mining is in need of it.The different opportunities companies possess of also explain some reasons for different risk management strategies. Homestake Mining has for example lower costs of adjusting the mining output than American Barrick as the former can (over a short period) alter the quality of the ore that is mined. This mining strategy creates costs that vary arrogantly with the price of gold and thus provides the firm with a natural hedge, which American Barrick does not possess of.As managers will act differently according to the risk they are personally bearing, compensation strategies is of upmost importance when it comes to risk management. Both the American Barrick and Homestake Mining use options to link the managerial wealth to the shareholder wealth, however, American Barrick does so more intensively. excessively, its compensation is equity-focused where the bonuses are linked to the stock values, whereas Homestake Miningss bonuses are linked to the profitability, which explains why the latter adjusts its costs as gold prices change. The earnings are quite volatile, however through this can be reduced by different choices of accounting techniques, which is the reason for Homestake Mining to changes them in opposite direction to gold prices, where American Barrick rarely alters its accounting choices at all.From the above findings one may conclude that the choice of managing risks depends on various firms specific characteristics their firm structure, management contracts and incentives. Specifically, it is a matter of the trade-off between costs and savings/benefits. Establishing and maintaining derivatives program is often quite costly, and so the alternative of using other methods to hedge risks may be preferable.In the arti cle Hedging and incorporate Risk Management demonstrate from Thrift Conversions, the writers argue that the firms risk management can be used to reallocate the firms total risk between different sources, rather than reduce it. So in this case hedging doesnt necessarily equal total risk reduction as often stated, but rather a technique of risk-reallocation or as an essential part of a firms profit-maximizing strategy. This becomes clearer if we separate risk in to two types, based on the activities where the firms have their comparative information advantages, namely-Core business risk Firms earn rents or economic profit for taking on activities bearing this risk.-Homogenous risk Financial risk as interest rate changes, foreign currency exchange rates, or commodity prices. By contrast there is no compensation for bearing this cast of risk. (This doesnt necessarily apply if the firm has a comparative information advantage in the financial risk sector, then financial risk can then b ecome core business risk.If we now consider a risky asset, it may be viewed as a portfolio of multiple claims from the owners. These claims are bundled together which fundamentally means that the firm must take on all the projects if it wants any of them. A subset of these projects may be core business projects which have a positive NPV for the firm, and the remaining subset may be projects bearing homogenous risk with NPV = 0 (the firm hasnt any disadvantage/advantage compared to others in assessing the unsystematic risk). The total variability of a portfolios cash flow of course includes both risk types. An example of this could be a farmer expecting payment for breeding pigs. Then his superior equipment or animal feed preparation would be categorized as activities bearing core business risk, while the price of pork would be homogenous risk.When increase in total risk is costly, risk composition becomes more important as the firm value becomes a concave function of the expected c ash flows. Therefore if the risky asset was separable (which it is not), we would only seek to invest in positive NPV projects with core business risk. However this is not the case and therefore we can instead make a trade off by decreasing homogenous risk while gaining additional exposure to core business risk and still maintain the target level of total risk. This substitution is called coordinated risk management and can be attained by the use of derivatives.They test for coordinated risk management in a sample of thrifts that convert from the mutual to stock form of ownership. These passages have been used to recapitalize the thrift industry since 1982 where legal barriers were cleared. From 83 to 88, 571 conversions issuing stock totaling over $10 billion were completed, compared to only 130 mutual-to-stock conversions between 75 and 82.At the end of 82, stock saving and loans managed only 30% of the industrys assets, but by the end of 88, stock saving and loans controlled 74% of the industrys total assets, going from $686 billion to $1,4 trillion.These converting thrifts provided an interesting sample to test whether the use of hedging can be part of an overall strategy to increase total risk. They argued that converting thrifts will attempt to increase their overall level of firm risk following conversion due to changes that occur at the time of conversion. In other words, these institutions are a unique case relative to empirical studies of risk management that focuses on firms with incentives to decrease total risk.The reasons for converting institutions to increase total firm risk are likely because of these two major reasons1. A converting institutions ability to take risk increases at the time of conversion, even though the investment opportunities do not change. This is because conversion provides financial slack and access to capital markets. A conversion typically proceeds at least the book value of equity of the mutual thrift. Assuming that pr e-conversion mutual equity meets regulatory capital requirements, doubling the capital ratio creates a larger borrowing capacity that can be used to double the asset size of the thrift. Increasing thrift size does not necessarily imply an increase of thrift risk. However, thrifts usually have incentives to grow by investing in riskier assets because of flat deposit insurance premiums that allow thrifts to charge risk to the government.2. Converting institutions are predicted to increase the total firm risk following because of the change in their managers incentives for risk taking. Before the conversion, managers receive a fixed salary. but upon conversion, shareholders are able to include stock and stock options in a managers compensation contract, aligning the managers interest with the shareholders. In this situation, the manager will typically be more willing to take risks in order to maximize firm value.The TestSchrand and Unal has used sample data from conversions completed between January 1, 1984 and December 31, 1988. They have also made some selecting in the sample excluding the supervisory mergers and merger-conversions. Also they further exclude smaller companies by having a minimum limit of $ one C million among the sample companys. As of the methodology Schrand and Unal have used a quantitative time-series study, where they have analyzed the changes in total risk, interest-rate risk and credit risk using an ordinary least squares method.The model is a form of a least squares method where they have added the term Time(t+k). The extra term is an indicator variable which is equal to one if quarter t is k quarters from the conversion quarters, and if not the term equals zero. As of the independent variables in the model, they can be seen as tests, indicating the differences between the risks of the average converting institution and the risks of the average institution in the control group.However the model doesnt indicate whether the interest risk and credit risk are coordinated. Therefore Schrand and Unal have used another model to analyze if there is an association between the interest risk and the credit risk. The model which is a pooled time-series cross-sectional regression is computed as followsHere Schrand and Unal predict a positive slope between the interest risk (XSNET) and the credit risk (XSHIGH).The Empirical ResultsThe study salute that the converting institutions capital position increases with roughly 70 percent after the conversion. Also the study shows that the converting institutions significantly decrease their exposure to interest risk. However the Credit risk increases when converting, because of taking more risk in their loan portfolios. Further the study indicates that the investment patterns are related to the actual conversion rather than the time-trend within the industry. Also they conclude that the increased use of derivatives is a strategic decision and not a mechanical phenomenon.ReferencesBro wn, G. W. 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