Rheumatoid Arthritis And The Most Common Form Of Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily attacks all synovial joints. RA is the second most common form of arthritis, with osteoarthritis being the most common (Clements, 2011). It can occur at any age, however it generally affects those between the age of 30 and 50 (Marieb and Hoehn, 2013). If left untreated, active rheumatoid arthritis can cause joint damage, frailty, a decrease in quality of life, cardiovascular disorders along with other dire consequences (Scott, Wolfe, Huizinga, 2010). Classification The aetiology of RA is currently unknown. If an individual susceptible to RA is exposed to a certain antigen, it can result in joint inflammation as the body initiates an immune response that creates antibodies to fight the toxin. This antigen attacks the synovial membrane and it becomes irritated. As a result, the synovial membrane grows larger and erodes the bone. It also produces more synovial fluid, causing inflammation (Ryan, 2014). In epidemiology, incidence is defined as the number of new cases of a disease during certain time period, and prevalence is defined as the total number of all cases of a disease (O’Toole, 2013). For prevalence in New Zealand, 125 000 people aged 15 and over had RA. It is expected that by 2020, 150 000 people will be affected by this disease. Add incidence Many factors contribute towards the susceptibility of RA. According to Scott, Wolfe and Huizinga (2010), genetic factors attribute to 50% of theShow MoreRelatedThe Genetic Inheritance And Discovery Of Rheumatoid Arthritis1508 Words   |  7 PagesDiscovery of Rheumatoid Arthritis Abigail L. Atkinson B7 Biology 5/22/17  Finding the cause of arthritis is important because 31 million people in the United States of America are affected. The definite cause is still unknown, but in this paper recent scientific studies regarding rheumatoid arthritis will be discussed and explained. Rheumatoid arthritis a serious, crippling disease that comes in many forms. Many people have heard of arthritis, but don’t know exactly what it is. Arthritis is a autoimmuneRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis Is A Growing And Life- Changing Disease1155 Words   |  5 PagesRheumatoid Arthritis is a growing and life- changing disease in Australia, creating negative social and economic consequences for both the individual patient and society. A disorder in which the body attacks its own healthy cells and tissues resulting in limited movement and inflamed joints in the body. Rheumatoid Arthritis has been chosen as a National Health Priority Area as it is a prevalent disease and the conditions are a significant cause of disability. The topics being discussed in thisRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis And Treatment Of Arthritis Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesRheumatoid Arthritis or RA has been around since early humanity. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease, which can cause cartilage and bone damage. Diseased joints have been found in we ll preserved Egyptian mummies. Showing that arthritis was prevalent among Egyptians. Hippocrates a Greek physician who is known for the Hippocratic oath, described the symptoms of arthritis. It was not until 216 AD that the term rheumatismus was used to describe the joint inflammation. AlfredRead MoreJuvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) Essay537 Words   |  3 Pages Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) There are different types of arthritis such as gouty arthritis which causes a swelling usually in the big toe, psoriatic arthritis that often occurs along with psoriasis and reactive arthritis which usually involves the eyes, urethra and joints. Juvenile arthritis is an umbrella term used to describe any form of childhood arthritis or arthritis-related conditions which affects people under 16 years old. The most common form of childhood arthritis is juvenile chronicRead MoreRheumatoid Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe highest ratio among others, even the wrist is also sometimes being affected, as the proximal interphalageal and metacarpophalangeal joints. Other joints are not really affected like sacroiliac joints and interphalangeal joints. The joints of Rheumatoid are boggy, tender to touch, and warm, but usually are not erythematous. Some patients complain of being puffy hands in the upper level to increase blood flow to inflamed areas. Prominent epitrochlear, axillary, and cervi cal lymph nodes may be notedRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis And Its Effects Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pageswith Rheumatoid Arthritis Mark A Westcott Itawamba Community College Tupelo, Mississippi Abstract Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disease that affects some 2 million people in the United States, roughly 1 to 2% of the population. It continues to be a mystery to many that study its origin. Rheumatoid Arthritis is commonly referred to as RA. It does not discriminate, it can wreak havoc on a wide range of people. It doesn’t care what your skin color is or where you reside or even your age. It is most commonRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis And Its Effects1695 Words   |  7 Pages Rheumatoid Arthritis Jacob Elisha Carrington College Immunology 09/17/2015 Rheumatoid Arthritis Living on this Earth, humanity may encounter many different viruses, and infectious diseases which have the potential to jeopardize a well-being. In regards to autoimmune diseases, these types of conditions are due to your body’s immune system fighting off its own self. One of the more unfortunate autoimmune diseases attacks joints, and it is called Rheumatoid Arthritis. This diseaseRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis1649 Words   |  7 PagesRheumatoid Arthritis BIOL 121 CRN # 23143 Outline: Rheumatoid Arthritis 1. Introduction: Statement of problem Definition Symptoms Causes amp; risk factors 2. Body How are you diagnosis Research Medications Who will get rheumatoid arthritis? Testing 3. Conclusion Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease thatRead MoreEar Infection: Overview of Otitis Externa1152 Words   |  5 Pages Otitis externa, is one of the common types of ear infection. The other type of ear infection is otitis media. Both affect the Otolaryngology organ system. Otitis externa is also known as â€Å"swimmers ear† and affects the external ear canal. That is why it is called otitis externa, because the affect is to the external air canal. Otitis externa is called swimmers ear because swimmers develop this condition when water settles in the ear and mixes with the cerumen (ear wax). This combinationRead More arthritis Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagessp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Arthritis.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Arthritis is a disease that in some way effects everyone. Whether you have arthritis or not, chances are, you

Lung Cancer The Most Common Types Of Cancer - 896 Words

Title Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, but more importantly, it has a very low survival rate. The sad truth is that nearly all cases of lung cancer could have been prevented, simply by not smoking. Mr. Ward is a perfect example of this in the case study. Having smoked for approximately 67 years, it was only a matter of time before he developed some type of cancer, in this case lung cancer. This paper will describe how lung cancer, specifically squamous cell cancer of the right lung, affects Mr. Ward’s body, beginning with the potential and actual risk factors for lung cancer. Followed by changes that occur in the respiratory system as a result of lung cancer, and ending with the organs at risk as lung cancer spreads. The Causes of Lung Cancer Obviously the biggest risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. The amount of smoking and the length of time as a smoker, especially if beginning at an early age, help determine the risk of developing lung cancer. Thus, the more a person smokes and the longer they smoke increases their risk for developing lung cancer. Along with smoking, come the risks associated with secondhand smoke. A person does not have to be a smoker to develop lung cancer, simply being in the same environment and inhaling cigarette smoke is a risk factor for lung cancer. A third risk factor involves environmental pollutants or irritants. Exposure to these irritants however, presents a much lower risk of developing lung cancer comparedShow MoreRelatedLung cancer is one of the most common types of cancers in the world. There are three main types of700 Words   |  3 Pages Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancers in the world. There are three main types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumor. Just like any other cancer, lung cancer is dangerous, and a life threatening problem. Many studies and researches have been presented to find a cure, but an exact cure has yet to be found. There are however multiple causes, ways to diagnose, and treatments for lung cancer. When you think of lung cancer, youRead Morelung cancer927 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Lung Cancer By Brayan Almora and Hector Aparicio Pedroza Ms. Powell, 7th Language Arts Problem – Solution Paper May 15, 2014 Lung Cancer Causes and Treatments Lung cancer is defined as abnormal cell tissue that forms in tissues of the lungs. It is estimated that there are 224,210 new cases every year, while the estimated deaths are numbered at 159,260 per year . There are several options of treatment and are as follows: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation TherapyRead MoreCancer : A Type Of Disease1203 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper: Cancer Cancer, is a type of disease that involves abnormal cell growth and has the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous, there is one type that is not cancerous; benign tumors (which do not spread to other parts of the body). Possible signs and symptoms include: a distinct lump, a lengthened cough, irregular bleeding, unexplained weight loss, a difference in bowel movements, and many others. While these symptoms may cause cancer, they mayRead MoreLung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1315 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancers. These two lung cancers grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10-15 percent of the lung cancers. Non-small l ung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to aboutRead MoreLung Cancer in Humans and the Rat Respiratory Systems870 Words   |  4 PagesRylee Coder Biology period 4 May 19, 2013 Lung Cancer in Humans and the Rat Respiratory System The human respiratory system is very similar, if not practically identical, to the respiratory system of a rat. The only notable difference is the division of the lobes in human lungs. The left lung of a rat is composed of 1 lobe, while the right lung has 4 lobes. The right lung of a human contains 3 lobes and the left lung is composed of 2 lobes. Other than that (and some structural differences alongRead MoreHow The Lungs Are Responsible For Both Ventilation And Respiration888 Words   |  4 Pages 2014 â€Æ' The lungs are responsible for both ventilation and respiration. Ventilation is the mechanical act of bringing breath into the body and expelling it. Respiration is the detailed work of lung tissue, using the air brought into the body, making it available to the body through the highly vascular lung parenchyma. Lung cancer impacts both of these functions. To understand the disease, it is important to understand the causes of lung cancer, the types of lung cancer, lung cancer disease â€Å"staging†Read More lung cancer Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related cause of death among men and women. Lung cancer can be undetected for many years causing it to become more dangerous and possibly fatal. There is not cure for lung cancer or any cancer, but if detected in an early stage the lung cancer can be detected, treated, and hopefully terminated. There are many new and developing treatments being tested now that may save l ives in the future. Through understanding what the lung cancer is, doctors canRead MoreThe Ten Attributes Of The University Of Queensland1174 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement of the particular case study. Although all seventeen attributes should correlate and in fact are interrelated, this assignment will analyse and focus on one attribute: â€Å"The ability to interact effectively with others in order to work towards a common outcome†. To present this case study various technologies were used such as: records of the medical practice that included medical history, pathophysiology, nursing plans, diagnosis, related treatment, nursing intervention, evaluation and recommendationRead MoreLung Cancer : What Causes It?1420 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is any type of cancer that begins in the lungs, although it is still considered lung cancer after it spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the U.S. and worldwide. Forty percent of people will be diagnosed with lung cancer within their life span. Lung cancer, as with all cancers, is very complex, so the best way to comprehend it is to break it down into easily analyzed topics. The first topic that must be analyzed is cancer as a whole-whatRead MoreEssay about Lung Cancer1455 Words   |  6 PagesCancer of the lung was nearly nonexistent in the early 1900’s. By the middle of the 20th century an epidemic became apparent throughout the United States and the rest of the world. It i s primarily correlated with the widespread abundance of cigarette smoking in the world. The tobacco industry has multiplied its production immediately prior to World War I. There was a typical 20 to 30 year lagging period between the initiation of cigarette smoking and the actual tumor formation in the lungs. Lung

Development of Light rail Transit Framework-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Development of Light rail Transit Framework. Answer: Introduction The light rail transit system is developed after making a detailed analysis on the current structure of the city and the problems faced by the people living in the city. The quality of the transportation can be improved with the development of the project and it can also reduce the clog in the city by covering most of the important areas in the city (Rakoczy et al. 2017). The light rail transition is quite similar with the trams but the capacity is increased and it have lower capital cost when compared with the heavy rails. The report is prepared for adding details about the framework of the light rail transit and a conceptual design is created for analyzing the details. The area that is required to be covered is analyzed and a framework is proposed for the deployment of the light rail framework in Brisbane. Background The light rails are separated from the normal traffic and thus can reach the destination faster than the normal transit services. The light rail can run using the overhead electric line or diesel engine depending upon the capacity and the speed for which the system is designed. The busy routes are marked and the important areas that is required to be covered for avoiding congestion in the traffic are documented for the preparation of the report. Some recommendations are made that would help to increase the efficiency of the light rail system and reduce the time of travelling in the report. Scope The main scope of the project are as follows: Installation of the overhead electricity lines Layout of the track covering the important areas Modelling of the LRT framework Objectives The main objectives of the project is to develop the light rail network are as follows; To reduce the congestion on the road and increase the efficiency of the transportation system To reduce the pollution in the city and increase the land use To implement a ride strategy a priority strategy for the development Needs of Definition The meaning of the light rail framework is utilized for separating the light rail transport from alternate methods of transportation utilized as a part of the city. Essentially, the refinement envelops the way that link cars can simply work at low speeds on streets, while LRT vehicles can work like a propelled link car notwithstanding change over quickly to quick running when given their own specific right-of-way (Lijun et al. 2014). The inconvenience in making the capability between light rail and link car is presumably going to stay, with various continuing to consider LRT is essentially a super link auto. This refinement would end up being clearer in the going with section that looks chronicled headway from cable car to light rail transit. For the development of the light rail framework the feasibility of the project is analyzed and a proper idea is fetched from the light rail project deployed in different countries. The history of light rail is studied for adding improvement in the project and increase the efficiency of the project (Winnett et al. 2016). The power sources used for running the vehicle is also evaluated for the preparation of the design of the light rail framework. The use of the underground tunnels for avoiding the congestion in the roadways are also analyzed for the deployment of the LRT system. The risk associated with the deployment of the light rail system is required to be listed and prioritized according to their severity (Ganiron Jr 2016). The risk mitigation plan is required to be developed for addressing the risk and securing the light rail network. The specialized qualities that is required to be analyzed for the development of the light rail framework are: The tracks are required to be designed such that the vibration is minimized and the journey is comfortable. The tracks are required to be designed to smoothen the corners and reduce the terming radius to less than 25 meters (Seo, Golub and Kuby 2014) The power of the motors are required to be increased for running in the steep slopes and increase the speed of communication The track is required to be combined with the heavy rail tracks and the metro tracks for reducing the cost of the infrastructure The light rails are required to run on a power supply of 600/750 volts and it can also run on 750/ 15 Kv power (Li et al.2015). The noise of the light is required to be reduced and it is required to be ensured that the platforms and the coach have no gaps. The passenger carrying capacity should be around 270 to 200 for meeting the current demand of the city and it should have the option to increase the space by attaching more compartment. In the bustling lanes the LRT can keep running at a speed of 25 to 30 km/hr and the speed increments as the movement abatements and it can achieve a most extreme speed of 100 km/hr (Li, Lu and Lopez 2015). New advances can be connected to build the speed of transportation. Trams are regarded as the ancestor of the light rail and it has the adaptability to keep running in the urban communities and congested zones and in addition the edges for performing like a speedier suburbanite. New examples in advancement are building up that could open up light rail systems to work with the versatility of transports (Bonotti et al. 2015). For the achievement of the advancement of the light rail framework the tracks utilized is assessed and the innovation utilized for the improvement of the system, for example, the establishment of the overhead connections, establishment of the changeover for using the overwhelming tracks of the railroads and control of the diesel motor is dissected (Corman et al. 2017). The new advancement innovation are connected to the LRT structure expanding the effectiveness of the light rail framework and evacuating the hazard related with the light rail transportation. System Operational Requirement The tracks are required to be aligned according to the route and it is also required to be merged with the heavy rail and the metro rail for reducing the development cost. The voltage supply of from the overhead lines are required to be constant and the transformers are required to be installed at a regular distance for increasing the efficiency of the system. System development best practice is required to be followed for the development of the project and the quality of the equipments used for the development of the LRT framework should be maintained for the development of the project. System Maintenance and Support The tracks and the overhead lines of the LRT framework is required to be maintained for the avoiding errors in the light rail network. Regular maintenance reduces the risk of shutdown of the system and reliable technical equipments are required to be used for the development of the system. The energy efficiency of the devices are required to be maintained and the service are required to be available for supporting the LRT framework. Technical performance Measures (TPMs) The technical performance measures are determined for analysis of the reliability, maintenance and performance of the project. The system design is required to be created with the incorporation of different characteristics and attributes for the maintenance of the LRT framework. Conceptual Design The LRT framework is intended for Brisbane and the design of the framework is created for covering the primary areas of the city and in addition the business zones. The transport service is required to be improved in the suburbs and the congestion in the roads are avoided for the development of the LRT network. The capacity of the light rail is increased and is required to convey 30,000 to 40,000 travelers per day (Cartledge and Majestic 2015). The cost of deployment of the framework is required to be assessed for the preparation of the conceptual design and develop a cost effective solution for the avoiding the congestion in Brisbane. The LRT framework is designed such that it can take less space in the city and provide significant benefits for the peoples living in the city and the environment (Boarnet et al. 2013). The land is required to be utilized productively for the improvement of a more advantageous road condition and encourage the developments of the people on foot in the c ity. For the formation of an underground framework the travel organizers and the development cost of the underground passage is required to be considered. In the most swarmed roads there is a requirement for the usage of raised frameworks for dodging the activity issues and detachment of the whole track and exploit the driverless computerized framework (Cao and Schoner 2014). In addition the rail tracks can be shared for diminishing the cost of the advancement and spare space. The overwhelming rail and the metro rail tracks can be utilized by the LRT for entering the core of the urban regions and it can improve as a modular exchange medium. Preliminary system design A preliminary design is required to be created before the deployment of the project and the different phases involved in the development of the project is required to be analyzed. A functional analysis is required to be made for the preparation of the design and the main components required to be included in the design are listed for the development of the project. Various computational tools are used for the preparation of the design and the designers should have efficient knowledge for the preparation of the design. Functional Analysis and allocation The functional analysis is important for the development of the project and the outcome of the project is required to be analyzed. The conceptual design is used for analyzing the functionality of the system and the design is prepared according to the requirement of the commuters for avoiding congestion in the roadways and improve the transportation system. Preliminary design criteria For the preparation of the LRT framework the different standards that can be used for reducing the errors are analyzed and implemented. The ISO standards are required to be maintained for the implementation of the overhead cables and the electrical equipment used for running the light rail. The electrical drawings are also required to be designed maintaining the standards such that the electrical hazards are removed and the project becomes a success. The essential outline of the LRT relies upon the accompanying elements: Commuters- The need of the people travelling to different region in the city are required to be considered for analyzing the service they demand and including it in the light rail transit (Ramos-Santiago and Brown 2016). There are different types of commuters using the LRT for different purpose and it is documented below: Business, tourist, shopping reason for the short trek traveler It is utilized by the suburb travelers as diversion and work It is utilized by the understudies for attaining school or college on time It is utilized by the sidestep travelers to move from street to rail or rail to ship Used by patients and workers for maintaining a strategic distance from delay due to congestion on the road Proposed Administration-The light rail is proposed at an interim of 2 3 minutes amid the pinnacle hours and at an interim of 7-8 minutes in the lean hours. It is required to give quicker and reliable transportation service to the travelers. Management of traffic- To avoid traffic blockage and reduce the congestion in the city the traffic management is important and the management of the traffic can increase the efficiency of the light rail (Brown et al.2015). For the narrow roads a traffic diversion is required to be made for the accommodation of the increased number of vehicles in the city. Figure 1: LRT Network (Source: Created by author) Ticketing framework- The commuters should avoid the queue for getting their tickets from the diverse outlets at an interim of 2 3 km and keen card can likewise be utilized by the clients (Brecher and Arthur 2014). The e ticketing framework is required to be conveyed and the server is required to be figured out for recording the points of interest. Cost of deployment Item Cost in Millions Cost Equivalent French Francs in A$ Acquisition of the land 149.40 $ 33.79m Construction of the bridge 595.50 $134.68m Construction of station 485.00 $109.93m Construction of the tracks 658.00 $149.15m Installation of the control system 15.50 $3.41m Configuration of the control signals and communications 79.60 $18.00m Setup of the power plant 82.80 $18.73m Installation of overhead cables 33.50 $7.58m Deployment of the car sets 235.00 $53.15m SUB TOTAL 2334.3 set-up costs $528.42m A proper planning is required to be made for the deployment of the LRT and the course is required to be chosen to cover the most essential parts of the city like school, universities, doctor's facilities, work environment for profiting the clients to achieve their goal at a short interim of time. It is intended to interface all the roadways and the railroads for achieving the distinctive piece of the city in a less time (Currie and Delbosc 2013). For decreasing the movement the busiest piece of the city is additionally required to be secured and power is required to be provided for running the structure. Detailed Design and Development The light rail evolved from the trams and is used for urban transportation and works mainly on the primary design of the tramway. The capacity is increased and the speed is increased for the meeting the growing demands. The traditional type of tracks used for sharing the space in the roads and implementation of traffic signal control for avoiding congestion is also implemented for the development of the project. The speed of the vehicles and the frequency of the station are analyzed and documented for .the development of the project. The report is prepared for including the new equipments for increasing the performance of the LRT system and it can be used for different purpose and are reliable when compared with the heavy rail transit. Documentation The documentation of the project is important for controlling the quality of the project and different tools are used for the creation of the schedule and estimation of the budget for the development of the project. The raw data are included in the project documentation for testing of the project. Engineering tools and technologies Analytical model and tools are used for the computation of the requirement of the project and CAD is used for creation of a 3D model. The schedule of the project is created and the project manager is assigned to monitor the progress of the project according to the created schedule. Analytical Models and Modelling For the evaluation of the conceptual modelling different analytical tools and models are used. The use of the models helps in increasing the efficiency of the development of the project and for the application of the analytical model in the project development the design, testing and support for logistics are considered. The possible options for that can be applied are also evaluated for linking the project development with the requirement. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that with the development of the LRT the transportation system of the system would be improved and it would help to develop a smart city. The people using the light rail for commuting different parts of the city can save a lot amount time and money. The traffic jams can be avoided with the increased use of the light rail transit because the light rail transit runs on separate track and underground route can also be used for communication. The challenges faced by the transportation industry can be resolved with the use of the light rail transportation. The landscape of the city can be changed and it also reduces the pollution in the city making a better place to live. The light rail is more secure than any other transportation and air pollution can be reduced to a great extent. The less congestion in the road also reduces the chances of accidents and the efficiency of the light rail can be increased by increasing the speed and covering the mos tly populated areas, schools, workplace in the city. Recommendations It is recommended that the following measures are required to be taken for the improvement of the light rail framework and increase the efficiency of the current transportation system. Creation of a proper layout design- A layout of the city and the important areas required to be covered for avoiding the congestion is required to be created for the deployment of the light rail transit. Addition of service- The schedule of the rails is required to be available to the commuters for increasing the efficiency of the system and use the light rail network efficiently. Covering the main area- For meeting the needs of the commuters the rail network is required to be created covering the densely populated areas of the city and the main places like schools, hospitals and workplace. This would reduce the congestion in the streets to a significant level. References Boarnet, M.G., Hong, A., Lee, J., Wang, X., Houston, D. and Spears, S., 2013. The exposition light rail line study: a before and after study of the impact of new light rail transit service. Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Bonotti, R., Rossetti, S., Tiboni, M. and Tira, M., 2015. Analysing Space-Time Accessibility Towards the Implementation of the Light Rail System: The Case Study of Brescia. Planning Practice Research, 30(4), pp.424-442. Brecher, A. and Arthur, D., 2014. Review and evaluation of wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric transit applications (No. FTA Report No. 0060). Brown, B.B., Werner, C.M., Tribby, C.P., Miller, H.J. and Smith, K.R., 2015. Transit use, physical activity, and body mass index changes: objective measures associated with complete street light-rail construction. American journal of public health, 105(7), pp.1468-1474. Cao, X.J. and Schoner, J., 2014. The influence of light rail transit on transit use: An exploration of station area residents along the Hiawatha line in Minneapolis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 59, pp.134-143. Cartledge, B.T. and Majestic, B.J., 2015. Metal concentrations and soluble iron speciation in fine particulate matter from light rail activity in the Denver-Metropolitan area. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(3), pp.495-502. Corman, F., Kraijema, S., Godjevac, M. and Lodewijks, G., 2017. Optimizing preventive maintenance policy: A data-driven application for a light rail braking system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability, p.1748006X17712662. Currie, G. and Delbosc, A., 2013. Exploring comparative ridership drivers of bus rapid transit and light rail transit routes. Journal of Public Transportation, 16(2), p.3. Ganiron Jr, T.U., 2016. Technological Evolution of Manila Light Rail Transit System. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 89, pp.9-16. Li, H., Peng, J., Liu, W. and Huang, Z., 2015. Stationary Charging Station Design for Sustainable Urban Rail Systems: A Case Study at Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., China. Sustainability, 7(1), pp.465-481. Li, T., Lu, J. and Lpez, L.M., 2015. Preface: Intelligent techniques for data science. International journal of intelligent systems. Lijun, D., Kan, D., Leiting, Z., Lei, W. and Jie, C., 2014. Dual DSPs-FPGA structured traction control system for urban rail transit vehicle. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 1, p.024. Rakoczy, P., Wilson, N., Bruce, I. and Myers, S., 2017, April. Performance of Passenger Rail Vehicles Under Blast Conditions: Testing and Modeling. In 2017 Joint Rail Conference (pp. V001T02A002-V001T02A002). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ramos-Santiago, L.E. and Brown, J., 2016. A comparative assessment of the factors associated with station-level streetcar versus light rail transit ridership in the United States. Urban studies, 53(5), pp.915-935. Seo, K., Golub, A. and Kuby, M., 2014. Combined impacts of highways and light rail transit on residential property values: A spatial hedonic price model for Phoenix, Arizona. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, pp.53-62. Winnett, J., Hoffrichter, A., Iraklis, A., McGordon, A., Hughes, D.J., Ridler, T. and Mallinson, N., 2016, November. Development of a very light rail vehicle. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport (pp. 1-12). Thomas Telford Ltd.

The Marketing Mix Essay Example

The Marketing Mix Essay A term used to describe the way in which businesses mix together elements that go into a successful sale of a product (Mr. P. Neill) Market research helps a business to discover what consumers want or may want in the future. Marketing helps it to satisfy their wants and hopes. To market my products profitably for my business, I have to consider four main factors: ~ The product, or the kind of good service provided; ~ The price, or what the customer can be charged; We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Mix specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ~ Promotion, or how customers will hear about the product; ~ Place, or how the product will be distributed These are known as the four Ps. The Product Although all the four Ps are important, the product is even more important than the others. Without the product, there could be no price, no place, no promotion. The product is the basis of the whole marketing process. Each product has some features, which distinguish it from similar products. Manufacturers use these features to differentiate their goods, or make them different, from their rivals products. For example: ~One clothes manufacturer may use better materials than its rivals. Another may have better workmanship. ~One computer manufacturer may install a 24-hour, unlimited-use hotline for its customers. Another may have its hotline functioning for only eight hours a day. ~ One computer manufacturer may give a one-year guarantee; another may give a two-year guarantee. At one time there were many goods, such as milk, which were not differentiated. Now there are skimmed, semi-skimmed, extended life, long-life and other kinds of milk to appeal to various subgroups in the market segment. The Price Prices are one of the most powerful weapons in modern marketing. In the past, most prices were based on the cost-plus pricing method. This was calculated by the following formula: ~ Unit cost+overheads+mark-up=Selling price. Other factors in pricing: ~ Supply and demand. This has a big influence on prices in the primary sector of production. ~ State of the economy. If the economy is booming, with little unemployment and rising wages and salaries, prices will rise, vice versa. ~ Price Plateau. For each kind of good there is a price plateau, or range of price, that careful shoppers think they would have to pay. Promotion The business world is now so competitive that the third P promotion has become increasingly important. Promotion is the way in which a business draws attention to itself and its products. There are three main methods: ~ Advertising ~ Public relations ~Merchandising Methods of promoting sales are: ~ Free gifts, special offers, discount vouchers, bonus packs, charity promotions, competitions, and loyalty cards. Place The last of the four Ps place- deals with how a business distributes its products. There are four main channels of distribution, which link the producer, or seller, with the consumer, or buyer. The traditional way of distributing goods is shown as Channel A. Channel A: Wholesaler-Retailer-Customer. The wholesaler buys goods in bulk, or large quantities, from manufacturers. They are then split up into smaller quantities and delivered to the retailer. This process is known as breaking bulk. Packaging: The fifth P Packaging plays such a powerful part in the marketing mix that it has become known as the fifth P. There are three main aspects of packaging: ~ The materials from which it is made, such as paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, etc; ~ The size, shape, and weight of the container; ~ The label. Each of them can be used in different ways to support and assist the other four Ps. Product: For many goods the package is an essential part of the product e.g. leak proof containers for domestos, or ring-pull cans ( designed for ease of use ). The packaging can also be used to extend the products life cycle. Price: Elaborate packaging helps to persuade customers to buy products. It is often a significant part of the total price. Some retailers use plain packaging instead. This reduces costs, but it has not been a great commercial success so far. Place Packaging plays an essential part in the distribution of goods. It should be strong and secure, and easy to handle and transport. This can reduce the cost of replacing broken or damaged goods, and help to prevent losses through tampering or theft. The packaging should also be of a suitable shape and size for easy and attractive display in shops and stores. Promotion Packaging is also used to promote the brand name, which is usually prominently displayed. It can also be used to advertise details of other promotions such as price cuts, competitions, special offers, etc. Other uses of Packaging ~ The bar code on the package plays an essential part in the automatic re-ordering of stock in supermarkets ~ Packaging also provides information required by law, such as the ingredients of tinned food ~ Secure packaging prevents criminals and terrorists from interfering with the contents.