Rheumatoid Arthritis And The Most Common Form Of Arthritis

Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease that primarily attacks all synovial joints. RA is the second most common form of arthritis, with osteoarthritis being the most common (Clements, 2011). It can occur at any age, however it generally affects those between the age of 30 and 50 (Marieb and Hoehn, 2013). If left untreated, active rheumatoid arthritis can cause joint damage, frailty, a decrease in quality of life, cardiovascular disorders along with other dire consequences (Scott, Wolfe, Huizinga, 2010). Classification The aetiology of RA is currently unknown. If an individual susceptible to RA is exposed to a certain antigen, it can result in joint inflammation as the body initiates an immune response that creates antibodies to fight the toxin. This antigen attacks the synovial membrane and it becomes irritated. As a result, the synovial membrane grows larger and erodes the bone. It also produces more synovial fluid, causing inflammation (Ryan, 2014). In epidemiology, incidence is defined as the number of new cases of a disease during certain time period, and prevalence is defined as the total number of all cases of a disease (O’Toole, 2013). For prevalence in New Zealand, 125 000 people aged 15 and over had RA. It is expected that by 2020, 150 000 people will be affected by this disease. Add incidence Many factors contribute towards the susceptibility of RA. According to Scott, Wolfe and Huizinga (2010), genetic factors attribute to 50% of theShow MoreRelatedThe Genetic Inheritance And Discovery Of Rheumatoid Arthritis1508 Words   |  7 PagesDiscovery of Rheumatoid Arthritis Abigail L. Atkinson B7 Biology 5/22/17  Finding the cause of arthritis is important because 31 million people in the United States of America are affected. The definite cause is still unknown, but in this paper recent scientific studies regarding rheumatoid arthritis will be discussed and explained. Rheumatoid arthritis a serious, crippling disease that comes in many forms. Many people have heard of arthritis, but don’t know exactly what it is. Arthritis is a autoimmuneRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis Is A Growing And Life- Changing Disease1155 Words   |  5 PagesRheumatoid Arthritis is a growing and life- changing disease in Australia, creating negative social and economic consequences for both the individual patient and society. A disorder in which the body attacks its own healthy cells and tissues resulting in limited movement and inflamed joints in the body. Rheumatoid Arthritis has been chosen as a National Health Priority Area as it is a prevalent disease and the conditions are a significant cause of disability. The topics being discussed in thisRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis And Treatment Of Arthritis Essay1701 Words   |  7 PagesRheumatoid Arthritis or RA has been around since early humanity. Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory joint disease, which can cause cartilage and bone damage. Diseased joints have been found in we ll preserved Egyptian mummies. Showing that arthritis was prevalent among Egyptians. Hippocrates a Greek physician who is known for the Hippocratic oath, described the symptoms of arthritis. It was not until 216 AD that the term rheumatismus was used to describe the joint inflammation. AlfredRead MoreJuvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) Essay537 Words   |  3 Pages Juvenile Rheumatoid Arthritis (JRA) There are different types of arthritis such as gouty arthritis which causes a swelling usually in the big toe, psoriatic arthritis that often occurs along with psoriasis and reactive arthritis which usually involves the eyes, urethra and joints. Juvenile arthritis is an umbrella term used to describe any form of childhood arthritis or arthritis-related conditions which affects people under 16 years old. The most common form of childhood arthritis is juvenile chronicRead MoreRheumatoid Essay892 Words   |  4 Pagesthe highest ratio among others, even the wrist is also sometimes being affected, as the proximal interphalageal and metacarpophalangeal joints. Other joints are not really affected like sacroiliac joints and interphalangeal joints. The joints of Rheumatoid are boggy, tender to touch, and warm, but usually are not erythematous. Some patients complain of being puffy hands in the upper level to increase blood flow to inflamed areas. Prominent epitrochlear, axillary, and cervi cal lymph nodes may be notedRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis And Its Effects Essay1503 Words   |  7 Pageswith Rheumatoid Arthritis Mark A Westcott Itawamba Community College Tupelo, Mississippi Abstract Rheumatoid Arthritis is a disease that affects some 2 million people in the United States, roughly 1 to 2% of the population. It continues to be a mystery to many that study its origin. Rheumatoid Arthritis is commonly referred to as RA. It does not discriminate, it can wreak havoc on a wide range of people. It doesn’t care what your skin color is or where you reside or even your age. It is most commonRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis And Its Effects1695 Words   |  7 Pages Rheumatoid Arthritis Jacob Elisha Carrington College Immunology 09/17/2015 Rheumatoid Arthritis Living on this Earth, humanity may encounter many different viruses, and infectious diseases which have the potential to jeopardize a well-being. In regards to autoimmune diseases, these types of conditions are due to your body’s immune system fighting off its own self. One of the more unfortunate autoimmune diseases attacks joints, and it is called Rheumatoid Arthritis. This diseaseRead MoreRheumatoid Arthritis1649 Words   |  7 PagesRheumatoid Arthritis BIOL 121 CRN # 23143 Outline: Rheumatoid Arthritis 1. Introduction: Statement of problem Definition Symptoms Causes amp; risk factors 2. Body How are you diagnosis Research Medications Who will get rheumatoid arthritis? Testing 3. Conclusion Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease thatRead MoreEar Infection: Overview of Otitis Externa1152 Words   |  5 Pages Otitis externa, is one of the common types of ear infection. The other type of ear infection is otitis media. Both affect the Otolaryngology organ system. Otitis externa is also known as â€Å"swimmers ear† and affects the external ear canal. That is why it is called otitis externa, because the affect is to the external air canal. Otitis externa is called swimmers ear because swimmers develop this condition when water settles in the ear and mixes with the cerumen (ear wax). This combinationRead More arthritis Essay1303 Words   |  6 Pagessp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Arthritis.nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Arthritis is a disease that in some way effects everyone. Whether you have arthritis or not, chances are, you

Lung Cancer The Most Common Types Of Cancer - 896 Words

Title Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancer, but more importantly, it has a very low survival rate. The sad truth is that nearly all cases of lung cancer could have been prevented, simply by not smoking. Mr. Ward is a perfect example of this in the case study. Having smoked for approximately 67 years, it was only a matter of time before he developed some type of cancer, in this case lung cancer. This paper will describe how lung cancer, specifically squamous cell cancer of the right lung, affects Mr. Ward’s body, beginning with the potential and actual risk factors for lung cancer. Followed by changes that occur in the respiratory system as a result of lung cancer, and ending with the organs at risk as lung cancer spreads. The Causes of Lung Cancer Obviously the biggest risk factor for lung cancer is smoking. The amount of smoking and the length of time as a smoker, especially if beginning at an early age, help determine the risk of developing lung cancer. Thus, the more a person smokes and the longer they smoke increases their risk for developing lung cancer. Along with smoking, come the risks associated with secondhand smoke. A person does not have to be a smoker to develop lung cancer, simply being in the same environment and inhaling cigarette smoke is a risk factor for lung cancer. A third risk factor involves environmental pollutants or irritants. Exposure to these irritants however, presents a much lower risk of developing lung cancer comparedShow MoreRelatedLung cancer is one of the most common types of cancers in the world. There are three main types of700 Words   |  3 Pages Lung cancer is one of the most common types of cancers in the world. There are three main types of lung cancer, non-small cell lung cancer, small cell lung cancer, and lung carcinoid tumor. Just like any other cancer, lung cancer is dangerous, and a life threatening problem. Many studies and researches have been presented to find a cure, but an exact cure has yet to be found. There are however multiple causes, ways to diagnose, and treatments for lung cancer. When you think of lung cancer, youRead Morelung cancer927 Words   |  4 Pagesï » ¿ Lung Cancer By Brayan Almora and Hector Aparicio Pedroza Ms. Powell, 7th Language Arts Problem – Solution Paper May 15, 2014 Lung Cancer Causes and Treatments Lung cancer is defined as abnormal cell tissue that forms in tissues of the lungs. It is estimated that there are 224,210 new cases every year, while the estimated deaths are numbered at 159,260 per year . There are several options of treatment and are as follows: Surgery, Chemotherapy, Radiation TherapyRead MoreCancer : A Type Of Disease1203 Words   |  5 PagesResearch Paper: Cancer Cancer, is a type of disease that involves abnormal cell growth and has the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all tumors are cancerous, there is one type that is not cancerous; benign tumors (which do not spread to other parts of the body). Possible signs and symptoms include: a distinct lump, a lengthened cough, irregular bleeding, unexplained weight loss, a difference in bowel movements, and many others. While these symptoms may cause cancer, they mayRead MoreLung Cancer : Cancer And Cancer1315 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is the number one leading cause of cancer deaths in the United States. Lung cancer kills more people than any other cancer, such as; breast cancer, colon, prostate, or ovarian. There are two types of lung cancer, small cell lung cancer and non-small lung cancers. These two lung cancers grow and spread differently. Small cell lung cancer tends to spread quickly and makes up about 10-15 percent of the lung cancers. Non-small l ung cancer is the most common type, it attributes to aboutRead MoreLung Cancer in Humans and the Rat Respiratory Systems870 Words   |  4 PagesRylee Coder Biology period 4 May 19, 2013 Lung Cancer in Humans and the Rat Respiratory System The human respiratory system is very similar, if not practically identical, to the respiratory system of a rat. The only notable difference is the division of the lobes in human lungs. The left lung of a rat is composed of 1 lobe, while the right lung has 4 lobes. The right lung of a human contains 3 lobes and the left lung is composed of 2 lobes. Other than that (and some structural differences alongRead MoreHow The Lungs Are Responsible For Both Ventilation And Respiration888 Words   |  4 Pages 2014 â€Æ' The lungs are responsible for both ventilation and respiration. Ventilation is the mechanical act of bringing breath into the body and expelling it. Respiration is the detailed work of lung tissue, using the air brought into the body, making it available to the body through the highly vascular lung parenchyma. Lung cancer impacts both of these functions. To understand the disease, it is important to understand the causes of lung cancer, the types of lung cancer, lung cancer disease â€Å"staging†Read More lung cancer Essay1459 Words   |  6 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Lung cancer is the most common cancer-related cause of death among men and women. Lung cancer can be undetected for many years causing it to become more dangerous and possibly fatal. There is not cure for lung cancer or any cancer, but if detected in an early stage the lung cancer can be detected, treated, and hopefully terminated. There are many new and developing treatments being tested now that may save l ives in the future. Through understanding what the lung cancer is, doctors canRead MoreThe Ten Attributes Of The University Of Queensland1174 Words   |  5 Pagesmanagement of the particular case study. Although all seventeen attributes should correlate and in fact are interrelated, this assignment will analyse and focus on one attribute: â€Å"The ability to interact effectively with others in order to work towards a common outcome†. To present this case study various technologies were used such as: records of the medical practice that included medical history, pathophysiology, nursing plans, diagnosis, related treatment, nursing intervention, evaluation and recommendationRead MoreLung Cancer : What Causes It?1420 Words   |  6 PagesLung cancer is any type of cancer that begins in the lungs, although it is still considered lung cancer after it spreads to other parts of the body. Lung cancer is one of the most common cancers in the U.S. and worldwide. Forty percent of people will be diagnosed with lung cancer within their life span. Lung cancer, as with all cancers, is very complex, so the best way to comprehend it is to break it down into easily analyzed topics. The first topic that must be analyzed is cancer as a whole-whatRead MoreEssay about Lung Cancer1455 Words   |  6 PagesCancer of the lung was nearly nonexistent in the early 1900’s. By the middle of the 20th century an epidemic became apparent throughout the United States and the rest of the world. It i s primarily correlated with the widespread abundance of cigarette smoking in the world. The tobacco industry has multiplied its production immediately prior to World War I. There was a typical 20 to 30 year lagging period between the initiation of cigarette smoking and the actual tumor formation in the lungs. Lung

Development of Light rail Transit Framework-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the Development of Light rail Transit Framework. Answer: Introduction The light rail transit system is developed after making a detailed analysis on the current structure of the city and the problems faced by the people living in the city. The quality of the transportation can be improved with the development of the project and it can also reduce the clog in the city by covering most of the important areas in the city (Rakoczy et al. 2017). The light rail transition is quite similar with the trams but the capacity is increased and it have lower capital cost when compared with the heavy rails. The report is prepared for adding details about the framework of the light rail transit and a conceptual design is created for analyzing the details. The area that is required to be covered is analyzed and a framework is proposed for the deployment of the light rail framework in Brisbane. Background The light rails are separated from the normal traffic and thus can reach the destination faster than the normal transit services. The light rail can run using the overhead electric line or diesel engine depending upon the capacity and the speed for which the system is designed. The busy routes are marked and the important areas that is required to be covered for avoiding congestion in the traffic are documented for the preparation of the report. Some recommendations are made that would help to increase the efficiency of the light rail system and reduce the time of travelling in the report. Scope The main scope of the project are as follows: Installation of the overhead electricity lines Layout of the track covering the important areas Modelling of the LRT framework Objectives The main objectives of the project is to develop the light rail network are as follows; To reduce the congestion on the road and increase the efficiency of the transportation system To reduce the pollution in the city and increase the land use To implement a ride strategy a priority strategy for the development Needs of Definition The meaning of the light rail framework is utilized for separating the light rail transport from alternate methods of transportation utilized as a part of the city. Essentially, the refinement envelops the way that link cars can simply work at low speeds on streets, while LRT vehicles can work like a propelled link car notwithstanding change over quickly to quick running when given their own specific right-of-way (Lijun et al. 2014). The inconvenience in making the capability between light rail and link car is presumably going to stay, with various continuing to consider LRT is essentially a super link auto. This refinement would end up being clearer in the going with section that looks chronicled headway from cable car to light rail transit. For the development of the light rail framework the feasibility of the project is analyzed and a proper idea is fetched from the light rail project deployed in different countries. The history of light rail is studied for adding improvement in the project and increase the efficiency of the project (Winnett et al. 2016). The power sources used for running the vehicle is also evaluated for the preparation of the design of the light rail framework. The use of the underground tunnels for avoiding the congestion in the roadways are also analyzed for the deployment of the LRT system. The risk associated with the deployment of the light rail system is required to be listed and prioritized according to their severity (Ganiron Jr 2016). The risk mitigation plan is required to be developed for addressing the risk and securing the light rail network. The specialized qualities that is required to be analyzed for the development of the light rail framework are: The tracks are required to be designed such that the vibration is minimized and the journey is comfortable. The tracks are required to be designed to smoothen the corners and reduce the terming radius to less than 25 meters (Seo, Golub and Kuby 2014) The power of the motors are required to be increased for running in the steep slopes and increase the speed of communication The track is required to be combined with the heavy rail tracks and the metro tracks for reducing the cost of the infrastructure The light rails are required to run on a power supply of 600/750 volts and it can also run on 750/ 15 Kv power (Li et al.2015). The noise of the light is required to be reduced and it is required to be ensured that the platforms and the coach have no gaps. The passenger carrying capacity should be around 270 to 200 for meeting the current demand of the city and it should have the option to increase the space by attaching more compartment. In the bustling lanes the LRT can keep running at a speed of 25 to 30 km/hr and the speed increments as the movement abatements and it can achieve a most extreme speed of 100 km/hr (Li, Lu and Lopez 2015). New advances can be connected to build the speed of transportation. Trams are regarded as the ancestor of the light rail and it has the adaptability to keep running in the urban communities and congested zones and in addition the edges for performing like a speedier suburbanite. New examples in advancement are building up that could open up light rail systems to work with the versatility of transports (Bonotti et al. 2015). For the achievement of the advancement of the light rail framework the tracks utilized is assessed and the innovation utilized for the improvement of the system, for example, the establishment of the overhead connections, establishment of the changeover for using the overwhelming tracks of the railroads and control of the diesel motor is dissected (Corman et al. 2017). The new advancement innovation are connected to the LRT structure expanding the effectiveness of the light rail framework and evacuating the hazard related with the light rail transportation. System Operational Requirement The tracks are required to be aligned according to the route and it is also required to be merged with the heavy rail and the metro rail for reducing the development cost. The voltage supply of from the overhead lines are required to be constant and the transformers are required to be installed at a regular distance for increasing the efficiency of the system. System development best practice is required to be followed for the development of the project and the quality of the equipments used for the development of the LRT framework should be maintained for the development of the project. System Maintenance and Support The tracks and the overhead lines of the LRT framework is required to be maintained for the avoiding errors in the light rail network. Regular maintenance reduces the risk of shutdown of the system and reliable technical equipments are required to be used for the development of the system. The energy efficiency of the devices are required to be maintained and the service are required to be available for supporting the LRT framework. Technical performance Measures (TPMs) The technical performance measures are determined for analysis of the reliability, maintenance and performance of the project. The system design is required to be created with the incorporation of different characteristics and attributes for the maintenance of the LRT framework. Conceptual Design The LRT framework is intended for Brisbane and the design of the framework is created for covering the primary areas of the city and in addition the business zones. The transport service is required to be improved in the suburbs and the congestion in the roads are avoided for the development of the LRT network. The capacity of the light rail is increased and is required to convey 30,000 to 40,000 travelers per day (Cartledge and Majestic 2015). The cost of deployment of the framework is required to be assessed for the preparation of the conceptual design and develop a cost effective solution for the avoiding the congestion in Brisbane. The LRT framework is designed such that it can take less space in the city and provide significant benefits for the peoples living in the city and the environment (Boarnet et al. 2013). The land is required to be utilized productively for the improvement of a more advantageous road condition and encourage the developments of the people on foot in the c ity. For the formation of an underground framework the travel organizers and the development cost of the underground passage is required to be considered. In the most swarmed roads there is a requirement for the usage of raised frameworks for dodging the activity issues and detachment of the whole track and exploit the driverless computerized framework (Cao and Schoner 2014). In addition the rail tracks can be shared for diminishing the cost of the advancement and spare space. The overwhelming rail and the metro rail tracks can be utilized by the LRT for entering the core of the urban regions and it can improve as a modular exchange medium. Preliminary system design A preliminary design is required to be created before the deployment of the project and the different phases involved in the development of the project is required to be analyzed. A functional analysis is required to be made for the preparation of the design and the main components required to be included in the design are listed for the development of the project. Various computational tools are used for the preparation of the design and the designers should have efficient knowledge for the preparation of the design. Functional Analysis and allocation The functional analysis is important for the development of the project and the outcome of the project is required to be analyzed. The conceptual design is used for analyzing the functionality of the system and the design is prepared according to the requirement of the commuters for avoiding congestion in the roadways and improve the transportation system. Preliminary design criteria For the preparation of the LRT framework the different standards that can be used for reducing the errors are analyzed and implemented. The ISO standards are required to be maintained for the implementation of the overhead cables and the electrical equipment used for running the light rail. The electrical drawings are also required to be designed maintaining the standards such that the electrical hazards are removed and the project becomes a success. The essential outline of the LRT relies upon the accompanying elements: Commuters- The need of the people travelling to different region in the city are required to be considered for analyzing the service they demand and including it in the light rail transit (Ramos-Santiago and Brown 2016). There are different types of commuters using the LRT for different purpose and it is documented below: Business, tourist, shopping reason for the short trek traveler It is utilized by the suburb travelers as diversion and work It is utilized by the understudies for attaining school or college on time It is utilized by the sidestep travelers to move from street to rail or rail to ship Used by patients and workers for maintaining a strategic distance from delay due to congestion on the road Proposed Administration-The light rail is proposed at an interim of 2 3 minutes amid the pinnacle hours and at an interim of 7-8 minutes in the lean hours. It is required to give quicker and reliable transportation service to the travelers. Management of traffic- To avoid traffic blockage and reduce the congestion in the city the traffic management is important and the management of the traffic can increase the efficiency of the light rail (Brown et al.2015). For the narrow roads a traffic diversion is required to be made for the accommodation of the increased number of vehicles in the city. Figure 1: LRT Network (Source: Created by author) Ticketing framework- The commuters should avoid the queue for getting their tickets from the diverse outlets at an interim of 2 3 km and keen card can likewise be utilized by the clients (Brecher and Arthur 2014). The e ticketing framework is required to be conveyed and the server is required to be figured out for recording the points of interest. Cost of deployment Item Cost in Millions Cost Equivalent French Francs in A$ Acquisition of the land 149.40 $ 33.79m Construction of the bridge 595.50 $134.68m Construction of station 485.00 $109.93m Construction of the tracks 658.00 $149.15m Installation of the control system 15.50 $3.41m Configuration of the control signals and communications 79.60 $18.00m Setup of the power plant 82.80 $18.73m Installation of overhead cables 33.50 $7.58m Deployment of the car sets 235.00 $53.15m SUB TOTAL 2334.3 set-up costs $528.42m A proper planning is required to be made for the deployment of the LRT and the course is required to be chosen to cover the most essential parts of the city like school, universities, doctor's facilities, work environment for profiting the clients to achieve their goal at a short interim of time. It is intended to interface all the roadways and the railroads for achieving the distinctive piece of the city in a less time (Currie and Delbosc 2013). For decreasing the movement the busiest piece of the city is additionally required to be secured and power is required to be provided for running the structure. Detailed Design and Development The light rail evolved from the trams and is used for urban transportation and works mainly on the primary design of the tramway. The capacity is increased and the speed is increased for the meeting the growing demands. The traditional type of tracks used for sharing the space in the roads and implementation of traffic signal control for avoiding congestion is also implemented for the development of the project. The speed of the vehicles and the frequency of the station are analyzed and documented for .the development of the project. The report is prepared for including the new equipments for increasing the performance of the LRT system and it can be used for different purpose and are reliable when compared with the heavy rail transit. Documentation The documentation of the project is important for controlling the quality of the project and different tools are used for the creation of the schedule and estimation of the budget for the development of the project. The raw data are included in the project documentation for testing of the project. Engineering tools and technologies Analytical model and tools are used for the computation of the requirement of the project and CAD is used for creation of a 3D model. The schedule of the project is created and the project manager is assigned to monitor the progress of the project according to the created schedule. Analytical Models and Modelling For the evaluation of the conceptual modelling different analytical tools and models are used. The use of the models helps in increasing the efficiency of the development of the project and for the application of the analytical model in the project development the design, testing and support for logistics are considered. The possible options for that can be applied are also evaluated for linking the project development with the requirement. Conclusion From the above report it can be concluded that with the development of the LRT the transportation system of the system would be improved and it would help to develop a smart city. The people using the light rail for commuting different parts of the city can save a lot amount time and money. The traffic jams can be avoided with the increased use of the light rail transit because the light rail transit runs on separate track and underground route can also be used for communication. The challenges faced by the transportation industry can be resolved with the use of the light rail transportation. The landscape of the city can be changed and it also reduces the pollution in the city making a better place to live. The light rail is more secure than any other transportation and air pollution can be reduced to a great extent. The less congestion in the road also reduces the chances of accidents and the efficiency of the light rail can be increased by increasing the speed and covering the mos tly populated areas, schools, workplace in the city. Recommendations It is recommended that the following measures are required to be taken for the improvement of the light rail framework and increase the efficiency of the current transportation system. Creation of a proper layout design- A layout of the city and the important areas required to be covered for avoiding the congestion is required to be created for the deployment of the light rail transit. Addition of service- The schedule of the rails is required to be available to the commuters for increasing the efficiency of the system and use the light rail network efficiently. Covering the main area- For meeting the needs of the commuters the rail network is required to be created covering the densely populated areas of the city and the main places like schools, hospitals and workplace. This would reduce the congestion in the streets to a significant level. References Boarnet, M.G., Hong, A., Lee, J., Wang, X., Houston, D. and Spears, S., 2013. The exposition light rail line study: a before and after study of the impact of new light rail transit service. Sol Price School of Public Policy, University of Southern California. Bonotti, R., Rossetti, S., Tiboni, M. and Tira, M., 2015. Analysing Space-Time Accessibility Towards the Implementation of the Light Rail System: The Case Study of Brescia. Planning Practice Research, 30(4), pp.424-442. Brecher, A. and Arthur, D., 2014. Review and evaluation of wireless power transfer (WPT) for electric transit applications (No. FTA Report No. 0060). Brown, B.B., Werner, C.M., Tribby, C.P., Miller, H.J. and Smith, K.R., 2015. Transit use, physical activity, and body mass index changes: objective measures associated with complete street light-rail construction. American journal of public health, 105(7), pp.1468-1474. Cao, X.J. and Schoner, J., 2014. The influence of light rail transit on transit use: An exploration of station area residents along the Hiawatha line in Minneapolis. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 59, pp.134-143. Cartledge, B.T. and Majestic, B.J., 2015. Metal concentrations and soluble iron speciation in fine particulate matter from light rail activity in the Denver-Metropolitan area. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 6(3), pp.495-502. Corman, F., Kraijema, S., Godjevac, M. and Lodewijks, G., 2017. Optimizing preventive maintenance policy: A data-driven application for a light rail braking system. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part O: Journal of Risk and Reliability, p.1748006X17712662. Currie, G. and Delbosc, A., 2013. Exploring comparative ridership drivers of bus rapid transit and light rail transit routes. Journal of Public Transportation, 16(2), p.3. Ganiron Jr, T.U., 2016. Technological Evolution of Manila Light Rail Transit System. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 89, pp.9-16. Li, H., Peng, J., Liu, W. and Huang, Z., 2015. Stationary Charging Station Design for Sustainable Urban Rail Systems: A Case Study at Zhuzhou Electric Locomotive Co., China. Sustainability, 7(1), pp.465-481. Li, T., Lu, J. and Lpez, L.M., 2015. Preface: Intelligent techniques for data science. International journal of intelligent systems. Lijun, D., Kan, D., Leiting, Z., Lei, W. and Jie, C., 2014. Dual DSPs-FPGA structured traction control system for urban rail transit vehicle. Transactions of China Electrotechnical Society, 1, p.024. Rakoczy, P., Wilson, N., Bruce, I. and Myers, S., 2017, April. Performance of Passenger Rail Vehicles Under Blast Conditions: Testing and Modeling. In 2017 Joint Rail Conference (pp. V001T02A002-V001T02A002). American Society of Mechanical Engineers. Ramos-Santiago, L.E. and Brown, J., 2016. A comparative assessment of the factors associated with station-level streetcar versus light rail transit ridership in the United States. Urban studies, 53(5), pp.915-935. Seo, K., Golub, A. and Kuby, M., 2014. Combined impacts of highways and light rail transit on residential property values: A spatial hedonic price model for Phoenix, Arizona. Journal of Transport Geography, 41, pp.53-62. Winnett, J., Hoffrichter, A., Iraklis, A., McGordon, A., Hughes, D.J., Ridler, T. and Mallinson, N., 2016, November. Development of a very light rail vehicle. In Proceedings of the Institution of Civil Engineers-Transport (pp. 1-12). Thomas Telford Ltd.

The Marketing Mix Essay Example

The Marketing Mix Essay A term used to describe the way in which businesses mix together elements that go into a successful sale of a product (Mr. P. Neill) Market research helps a business to discover what consumers want or may want in the future. Marketing helps it to satisfy their wants and hopes. To market my products profitably for my business, I have to consider four main factors: ~ The product, or the kind of good service provided; ~ The price, or what the customer can be charged; We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Mix specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Marketing Mix specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer ~ Promotion, or how customers will hear about the product; ~ Place, or how the product will be distributed These are known as the four Ps. The Product Although all the four Ps are important, the product is even more important than the others. Without the product, there could be no price, no place, no promotion. The product is the basis of the whole marketing process. Each product has some features, which distinguish it from similar products. Manufacturers use these features to differentiate their goods, or make them different, from their rivals products. For example: ~One clothes manufacturer may use better materials than its rivals. Another may have better workmanship. ~One computer manufacturer may install a 24-hour, unlimited-use hotline for its customers. Another may have its hotline functioning for only eight hours a day. ~ One computer manufacturer may give a one-year guarantee; another may give a two-year guarantee. At one time there were many goods, such as milk, which were not differentiated. Now there are skimmed, semi-skimmed, extended life, long-life and other kinds of milk to appeal to various subgroups in the market segment. The Price Prices are one of the most powerful weapons in modern marketing. In the past, most prices were based on the cost-plus pricing method. This was calculated by the following formula: ~ Unit cost+overheads+mark-up=Selling price. Other factors in pricing: ~ Supply and demand. This has a big influence on prices in the primary sector of production. ~ State of the economy. If the economy is booming, with little unemployment and rising wages and salaries, prices will rise, vice versa. ~ Price Plateau. For each kind of good there is a price plateau, or range of price, that careful shoppers think they would have to pay. Promotion The business world is now so competitive that the third P promotion has become increasingly important. Promotion is the way in which a business draws attention to itself and its products. There are three main methods: ~ Advertising ~ Public relations ~Merchandising Methods of promoting sales are: ~ Free gifts, special offers, discount vouchers, bonus packs, charity promotions, competitions, and loyalty cards. Place The last of the four Ps place- deals with how a business distributes its products. There are four main channels of distribution, which link the producer, or seller, with the consumer, or buyer. The traditional way of distributing goods is shown as Channel A. Channel A: Wholesaler-Retailer-Customer. The wholesaler buys goods in bulk, or large quantities, from manufacturers. They are then split up into smaller quantities and delivered to the retailer. This process is known as breaking bulk. Packaging: The fifth P Packaging plays such a powerful part in the marketing mix that it has become known as the fifth P. There are three main aspects of packaging: ~ The materials from which it is made, such as paper, cardboard, plastic, glass, etc; ~ The size, shape, and weight of the container; ~ The label. Each of them can be used in different ways to support and assist the other four Ps. Product: For many goods the package is an essential part of the product e.g. leak proof containers for domestos, or ring-pull cans ( designed for ease of use ). The packaging can also be used to extend the products life cycle. Price: Elaborate packaging helps to persuade customers to buy products. It is often a significant part of the total price. Some retailers use plain packaging instead. This reduces costs, but it has not been a great commercial success so far. Place Packaging plays an essential part in the distribution of goods. It should be strong and secure, and easy to handle and transport. This can reduce the cost of replacing broken or damaged goods, and help to prevent losses through tampering or theft. The packaging should also be of a suitable shape and size for easy and attractive display in shops and stores. Promotion Packaging is also used to promote the brand name, which is usually prominently displayed. It can also be used to advertise details of other promotions such as price cuts, competitions, special offers, etc. Other uses of Packaging ~ The bar code on the package plays an essential part in the automatic re-ordering of stock in supermarkets ~ Packaging also provides information required by law, such as the ingredients of tinned food ~ Secure packaging prevents criminals and terrorists from interfering with the contents.

MGMT 305 Example

MGMT 305 Example MGMT 305 – Case Study Example High Noon at Alpha Mills Performance at Alpha Company would have improved just with a little push of the ream dynamics and not total reorganization. The changes brought about by Davison were really good and would have yielded an increase in performance but Davison in his plan formulation and implementation failed to take into account team dynamics. Team dynamics as explained by McShane and Mary (2012) are very important in an organization the prides itself in working in teams. The teams share everything in terms of commonality and goals and hence they stick together even when situations become rough to endure. What Davison should have done in his analysis of the causes of poor performance in the organization would have been to incorporate the views and decisions of the workers. They are the ones performing the work and hence would have insight as to the problem and even offer solutions to the organization. This team right from the workers to the assistant supervisors saw Ang as not o nly their manager but as their role model and even hero to some extent. He dealt with all their problems, interacted with them on a more personal basis that just a superior and had almost been present from the time all of them were hired. His knowledge of the running of the company and the workers is what made them believe and trust his opinion and decisions. His removal was therefore the end straw to it and just as a team accepts defeat as a whole, the whole team in Alpha accepted defeat once Ang left. Work CitedMcShane, Steven and Mary Von Glinow. Organizational Behavior. New York: McGraw-Hill Education, 2012.

The Chemical Composition of Air

The Chemical Composition of Air Nearly all of the Earths atmosphere is made up of only five gases: nitrogen, oxygen, water vapor, argon, and carbon dioxide. Several other compounds are also present. Although this CRC table does not list water vapor, air can contain as much as 5% water vapor, more commonly ranging from 1-3%. The 1-5% range places water vapor as the third most common gas (which alters the other percentages accordingly). Below is the composition of air in percent by volume, at sea level at 15 C and 101325 Pa. Nitrogen N2 78.084%Oxygen O2 20.9476%Argon Ar 0.934%Carbon Dioxide CO2 0.0314%Neon Ne 0.001818%Methane CH4 0.0002%Helium He 0.000524%Krypton Kr 0.000114%Hydrogen H2 0.00005%Xenon Xe 0.0000087%Ozone O3 0.000007%Nitrogen Dioxide NO2 0.000002%Iodine I2 0.000001%Carbon Monoxide CO traceAmmonia NH3 trace Reference CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, edited by David R. Lide, 1997.

Intellectual Property Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Intellectual Property Law - Essay Example demarks whereby trademark registration acted to indicate a product’s origin or identity, while also protecting the mark from use by other traders apart from the one who registered the mark2. This solved problems that had arisen regarding showing ownership to the mark through the establishment of goodwill necessary for pass-off action. The trademark directive finally got implementation into law with 1994’s Trade Mark Act (TMA) that holds to date. It states that the proprietor of a trademark that has been registered possesses exclusive rights that are infringed upon through the use of the trade mark without their consent in the UK3. The TMA sought to widen the infringement of trademark scope through allowing traders to register any sign that could be graphically represented and capable of distinguishing one’s undertaking from another traders undertaking4. With the advent of the Trade Marks Act 1994, it has been suggested that the common law tort of passing off has become largely superfluous in the protection of identifying insignia. This paper will seek to show that this is not eh case, especially since it still acts as a fallback option when the TMA faces l imitations, while it also fills the gaps in TMA section 10. One of the reasons why the TMA has been seen to render passing-off as superfluous in protection of identifying insignia, is that it has given a broader definition to what a trademark that can be registered constitutes. This in effect has allowed the registration of most things that can be used as a distinguishing element during passing off5. However, the expanded definition provided by the TMA do not render passing off completely superfluous in English law. This is especially since it is still the main action cause for those who, for one reason or another, do not register their trademarks, as well as for those marks that are non-registerable because of the limitations of TMA. In addition, even though the TMA extends the protection scope for

Saudi Arabian press during the occurrence of the events in Bahrain Dissertation

Saudi Arabian press during the occurrence of the events in Bahrain from 14th February to 16th March 2011 - Dissertation Example Content analysis, in relation to the Bahrain’s conflict, of the two leading Saudi Arabian newspapers namely, Alriyadh and Alyoum was carried out by employing a constructed week approach for the entire period of occurrence of these events. The results of this content analysis revealed that the coverage of the events in Bahrain by the Saudi Press was, to a great extent, dependent on the Saudi Press Agency as a result of the constraints imposed over the press in the kingdom by the Saudi Arabian information policy. The news related to the Bahraini events mostly appeared to be positive in tone and also, tended to support the agenda and interests of the government of Saudi Arabia linked to the political and democratic position of Bahrain that particularly involve the status of the shiahs in the country. The findings of the content analysis deduced that the Saudi press failed to play its ideal role in the coverage of the events in Bahrain since it was extensively monitored, regulariz ed and censored and thereby, was not completely free and trustworthy. Thus, it is recommended that the press regulations should not be imposed by an external body instead they should better come from the press itself.

Why Am I an Atheist Essay Example for Free

Why Am I an Atheist Essay It is a matter of debate whether my lack of belief in the existence of an Omnipresent, Omniscient God is due to my arrogant pride and vanity. It never occurred to me that sometime in the future I would be involved in polemics of this kind. As a result of some discussions with my friends, (if my claim to friendship is not uncalled for) I have realised that after having known me for a little time only, some of them have reached a kind of hasty conclusion about me that my atheism is my foolishness and that it is the outcome of my vanity. Even then it is a serious problem. I do not boast of being above these human follies. I am, after all, a human being and nothing more. And no one can claim to be more than that. I have a weakness in my personality, for pride is one of the human traits that I do possess. I am known as a dictator among my friends. Sometimes I am called a boaster. Some have always been complaining that I am bossy and I force others to accept my opinion. Yes, it is true to some extent. I do not deny this charge. We can use the word ‘vainglory’ for it. As far as the contemptible, obsolete, rotten values of our society are concerned, I am an extreme sceptic. But this question does not concern my person alone. It is being proud of my ideas, my thoughts. It cannot be called empty pride. Pride, or you may use the word, vanity, both mean an exaggerated assessment of one’s personality. Is my atheism because of unnecessary pride, or have I ceased believing in God after thinking long and deep on the matter? I wish to put my ideas before you. First of all, let us differentiate between pride and vanity as these are two different things. I have never been able to understand how unfounded, baseless pride or empty vanity can hinder a person from believing in God. I may refuse to acknowledge the greatness of a really great person only when I have got fame without doing any serious efforts or when I lack the superior mental powers necessary to become great. It is easy to understand but how is it possible that a believer can turn into a non-believer because of his vanity? Only two things are possible: either a man deems himself to be in possession of Godly qualities, or he goes a step further and declares himself to be a god. In both these states of mind he cannot be an atheist in the true sense of the word. In the first case, it is not an outright rejection of God’s existence; in the other, he is affirming the existence of some kind of supernatural power responsible for the working of universe. It does not harm our argument whether he claims to be a god or considers God to be a reality in existence above his own b eing. The real point, however, is that in both cases he is a theist, a believer. He is not an atheist. I want to bring home this point to you. I am not one of these two creeds. I totally reject the existence of an Omnipresent, all powerful, all knowing God. Why so? I will discuss it later in the essay. Here I wish to emphasise that I am not an atheist for the reason that I am arrogant or proud or vain; nor am I a demi-god, nor a prophet; no, nor am I God myself. At least one thing is true that I have not evolved this thought because of vanity or pride. In order to answer this question I relate the truth. My friends say that after Delhi bombing and Lahore Conspiracy Case, I rocketed to fame and that this fact has turned my head. Let us discuss why this allegation is incorrect. I did not give up my belief in God after these incidents. I was an atheist even when I was an unknown figure. At least a college student cannot cherish any sort of exaggerated notion of himself that may lead him to at heism. It is true that I was a favourite with some college teachers, but others did not like me. I was never a hardworking or studious boy. I never got an opportunity to be proud. I was very careful in my behaviour and somewhat pessimistic about my future career. I was not completely atheistic in my beliefs. I was brought up under the care and protection of my father. He was a staunch Arya Samaji. An Arya Samaji can be anything but never an atheist. After my elementary education, I was sent to D. A. V College, Lahore. I lived in the boarding house for one year. Besides prayers early in the morning and at dusk time, I sat for hours and chanted religious Mantras. At that time, I was a staunch believer. Then I lived with my father. He was a tolerant man in his religious views. It is due to his teachings that I devoted my life for the cause of liberating my country. But he was not an atheist. His God was an all-pervading Entity. He advised me to offer my prayers every day. In this way I was brought up. In the Non-cooperation days, I got admission to the National College. During my stay in this college, I began thinking over all the religious polemics such that I grew sceptical about the existence of God. In spite of this fact I can say that my belief in God was firm and strong. I grew a beard and ‘Kais’ (long head of hair as a Sikh religious custom). In spite of this I could not convince myself of the efficacy of Sikh religion or any religion at all, for that matter. But I had an unswerving, unwavering belief in God. Then I joined the Revolutionary Party. The first leader I met had not the courage to openly declare himself an atheist. He was unable to reach any conclusion on this point. Whenever I asked him about the existence of God, he gave me this reply: â€Å"You may believe in him when you feel like it.† The second leader with whom I came in contact was a firm believer. I should mention his name. It was our respected Comrade Sachindara Nath Sanyal. He was sentenced to life imprisonment in connection with Karachi conspiracy case. Right from the first page of his only book, ‘Bandi Jivan’ (Incarnated Life) he sings praises to the Glory of God. See the last page of the second part of this book and you find praises showered upon God in the way of a mystic. It is a clear reflection of his thoughts. According to the prosecution, the ‘Revolutionary Leaflet’ which was distributed throughout India was the outcome of Sachindara Nath Sanyal’s intellectual labour. So often it happens that in revolutionary activities a leader expresses his own ideas which may be very dear to him, but in spite of having differences, the other workers have to acquiesce in them. In that leaflet, one full paragraph was devoted to the praises of God and His doings which we, human beings, cannot understand. This is sheer mysticism. What I want to point out is that the idea of denying the existence of God did not even occur to the Revolutionary Party. The famous Kakory martyrs, all four of them, passed their last day in prayers. Ram Parshad Bismal was a staunch Arya Samaji. In spite of his vast studies in Socialism and Communism, Rajan Lahiri could not suppress his desire to recite hymns from Upanishads and Gita. There was but only one person among them who did not indulge in such activities. He used to say, â€Å"Religion is the outcome of human weakness or the limitation of human knowledge.† He is also in prison for life. But he also never dared to deny the existence of God. Till that time I was only a romantic revolutionary, just a follower of our leaders. Then came the time to shoulder the whole responsibility. For some time, a strong opposition put the very existence of the party into danger. Many leaders as well as many enthusiastic comrades began to uphold the party to ridicule. They jeered at us. I had an apprehension that some day I will also consider it a futile and hopeless task. It was a turning point in my revolutionary career. An incessant desire to study filled my heart. ‘Study more and more’, said I to myself so that I might be able to face the arguments of my opponents. ‘Study’ to support your point of view with convincing arguments. And I began to study in a serious manner. My previous beliefs and convictions underwent a radical change. The romance of militancy dominated our predecessors; now serious ideas ousted this way of thinking. No more mysticism! No more blind faith! Now realism was our mode of thinking. A t times of terrible necessity, we can resort to extreme methods, but violence produces opposite results in mass movements. I have talked much about our methods. The most important thing was a clear conception of our ideology for which we were waging a long struggle. As there was no election activity going on, I got ample opportunity to study various ideas propounded by various writers. I studied Bakunin, the anarchist leader. I read a few books of Marx, the father of Communism. I also read Lenin and Trotsky and many other writers who successfully carried out revolutions in their countries. All of them were atheists. The ideas contained in Bakunin’s ‘God and State’ seem inconclusive, but it is an interesting book. After that I came across a book ‘Common Sense’ by Nirlamba Swami. His point of view was a sort of mystical atheism. I developed more interest in this subject. By the end of 1926, I was convinced that the belief in an Almighty, Supreme Being who created, guided and controlled the universe had no sound foundations. I began discussions on this subject with my friends. I had openly declared myself an atheist. What it meant will be discussed in the following lines. In May 1927, I was arrested in Lahore. This arrest came as a big surprise for me. I had not the least idea that I was wanted by the police. I was passing through a garden and all of a sudden the police surrounded me. To my own surprise, I was very calm at that time. I was in full control of myself. I was taken into police custody. The next day I was taken to the Railway Police lockup where I spent a whole month. After many days’ conversation with police personnel, I guessed that they had some information about my connection with the Kakori Party. I felt they had some intelligence of my other activities in the revolutionary movement. They told me that I was in Lucknow during the Kakori Party Trial so that I might devise a scheme to rescue the culprits. They also said that after the plan had been approved, we procured some bombs and by way of test, one of those bombs was thrown into a crowd on the occasion of Dussehra in 1926. They offered to release me on condition that I gave a statement on the activities of the Revolutionary Party. In this way I would be set free and even rewarded and I would not be produced as an approver in the court. I could not help laughing at their proposals. It was all humbug. People who have ideas like ours do not throw bombs at their own innocent people. One day, Mr. Newman, the then senior Superintendent of CID, came to me. After a long talk which was full of sympathetic words, he imparted to me what he considered to be sad news, that if I did not give any statement as demanded by them, they would be forced to send me up for trial for conspiracy to wage war in connection with Kakori Case and also for brutal killings in Dussehra gathering. After that he said that he had sufficient evidence to get me convicted and hanged. I was completely innocent, but I believed that the police had sufficient power to do it if they desired it to be so. The same day some police officers persuaded me to offer my prayers to God two times regularly. I was an atheist. I thought that I would settle it to myself whether I could brag only in days of peace and happiness that I was an atheist, or in those hard times I could be steadfast in my convictions. After a long debate with myself, I reached the conclusion that I could not even pretend to be a believer nor could I offer my prayers to God. No, I never did it. It was time of trial and I would come out of it successful. These were my thoughts. Never for a moment did I desire to save my life. So I was a true atheist then and I am an atheist now. It was not an easy task to face that ordeal. Beliefs make it easier to go through hardships, even make them pleasant. Man can find a strong support in God and an encouraging consolation in His Name. If you have no belief in Him, then there is no alternative but to depend upon yourself. It is not child’s play to stand firm on your feet amid storms and strong winds. In difficult times, vanity, if it remains, evaporates and man cannot find the courage to defy beliefs held in common esteem by the people. If he really revolts against such beliefs, we must conclude that it is not sheer vanity; he has some kind of extraordinary strength. This is exactly the situation now. First of all we all know what the judgement will be. It is to be pronounced in a week or so. I am going to sacrifice my life for a cause. What more consolation can there be! A God-believing Hindu may expect to be reborn a king; a Muslim or a Christian might dream of the luxuries he hopes to enjoy in paradise as a reward for his sufferings and sacrifices. What hope should I entertain? I know that will be the end when the rope is tightened round my neck and the rafters move from under my feet. To use more precise religious terminology, that will be the moment of utter annihilation. My soul will come to nothing. If I take the courage to take the matter in the light of ‘Reward’, I see that a short life of struggle with no such magnificent end shall itself be my ‘Reward.’ That is all. Without any selfish motive of getting any reward here or in the hereafter, quite disinterestedly have I devoted my life to the cause of freedom. I could not act otherwise. The day shall usher in a new era of liberty when a large number of men and women, taking courage from the idea of serving humanity and liberating them from sufferings and distress, decide that there is no alternative before them except devoting their lives for this cause. They will wage a war against their oppressors, tyrants or exploiters, not to become kings, or to gain any reward here or in the next birth or after death in paradise; but to cast off the yoke of slavery, to establish liberty and peace they will tread this perilous, but glorious path. Can the pride they take in their noble cause be called vanity? Who is there rash enough to call it so? To him I say either he is foolish or wicked. Leave such a fellow alone for he cannot realise the depth, the emotions, the sentiment and the noble feelings that surge in that heart. His heart is dead, a mere lump of flesh, devoid of feelings. His convictions are infirm, his emotions feeble. His selfish interests have made him incapable of seeing the truth. The epithet ‘vanity’ is always hurled at the strength we get from our convictions. You go against popular feelings; you criticise a hero, a great man who is generally believed to be above criticism. What happens? No one will answer your arguments in a rational way; rather you will be considered vainglorious. Its reason is mental insipidity. Merciless criticism and independent thinking are the two necessary traits of revolutionary thinking. As Mahatmaji is great, he is above criticism; as he has risen above, all that he says in the field of politics, religion, Ethics is right. You agree or not, it is binding upon you to take it as truth. This is not constructive thinking. We do not take a leap forward; we go many steps back. Our forefathers evolved faith in some kind of Supreme Being, therefore, one who ventures to challenge the validity of that faith or denies the existence of God, shall be called a Kafir (infidel), or a renegade. Even if his arguments are so strong that it is impossible to refute them, if his spirit is so strong that he cannot be bowed down by the threats of misfortune that may befall him through the wrath of the Almighty, he shall be decried as vainglorious. Then why should we waste our time in such discussions? This question has come before the people for the first time, hence the necessity and usefulness of such long discussions. As far as the first question is concerned, I think I have made it clear that I did not turn atheist because of vanity. Only my readers, not I, can decide whether my arguments carry weight. If I were a believer, I know in the present circumstances my life would have been easier; the burden lighter. My disbelief in God has turned all the circumstances too harsh and this situation can deteriorate further. Being a little mystical can give the circumstances a poetic turn. But I need no opiate to meet my end. I am a realistic man. I want to overpower this tendency in me with the help of Reason. I am not always successful in such attempts. But it is man’s duty to try and make efforts. Success depends on chance and circumstances. Now we come to the second question: if it is not vanity, there ought to be some sound reason for rejection of age-old belief in God. Yes, I come to this question. I think that any man who has some reasoning power always tries to understand the life and people around him with the help of this faculty. Where concrete proofs are lacking, [mystical] philosophy creeps in. As I have indicated, one of my revolutionary friends used to say that â€Å"philosophy is the outcome of human weakness.† Our ancestors had the leisure to solve the mysteries of the world, its past, its present and its future, its whys and its wherefores, but having been terribly short of direct proofs, every one of them tried to solve the problem in his own way. Hence we find wide differences in the fundamentals of various religious creeds. Sometimes they take very antagonistic and conflicting forms. We find differences in Oriental and Occidental philosophies. There are differences even amongst various schools of thoughts in each hemisphere. In Asian religions, the Muslim religion is completely incompatible with the Hindu faith. In India itself, Buddhism and Jainism are sometimes quite separate from Brahmanism. Then in Brahmanism itself, we find two conflicting sects: Aarya Samaj and Snatan Dheram. Charwak is yet another independent thinker of the past ages. He challenged the Authority of God. All these faiths differ on many fundamental questions, but each of them claims to be the only true religion. This is the root of the evil. Instead of developing the ideas and experiments of ancient thinkers, thus providing ourselves with the ideological weapon for the future struggle, – lethargic, idle, fanatical as we are – we cling to orthodox religion and in this way reduce human awakening to a stagnant pool. It is necessary for every person who stands for progress to criticise every tenet of old beliefs. Item by item he has to challenge the efficacy of old faith. He has to analyse and understand all the details. If after rigorous reasoning, one is led to believe in any theory of philosophy, his faith is appreciated. His reasoning may be mistaken and even fallacious. But there is chance that he will be corrected because Reason is the guiding principle of his life. But belief, I should say blind belief is disastrous. It deprives a man of his understanding power and makes him reactionary. Any person who claims to be a realist has to challenge the truth of old beliefs. If faith cannot withstand the onslaught of reason, it collapses. After that his task should be to do the groundwork for new philosophy. This is the negative side. After that comes in the positive work in which some material of the olden times can be used to construct the pillars of new philosophy. As far as I am concerned, I admit that I lack sufficient study in this field. I had a great desire to study the Oriental Philosophy, but I could get ample opportunity or sufficient time to do so. But so far as I reject the old time beliefs, it is not a matter of countering belief with belief, rather I can challenge the efficacy of old beliefs with sound arguments. We believe in nature and that human progress depends on the domination of man over nature. There is no conscious power behind it. This is our philosophy. Being atheist, I ask a few questions from theists: 1. If, as you believe there is an Almighty, Omnipresent, Omniscient God, who created the earth or universe, please let me know, first of all, as to why he created this world. This world which is full of woe and grief, and countless miseries, where not even one person lives in peace. 2. Pray, don’t say it is His law. If He is bound by any law, He is not Omnipotent. Don’t say it is His pleasure. Nero burnt one Rome. He killed a very limited number of people. He caused only a few tragedies, all for his morbid enjoyment. But what is his place in history? By what names do we remember him? All the disparaging epithets are hurled at him. Pages are blackened with invective diatribes condemning Nero: the tyrant, the heartless, the wicked. One Genghis Khan killed a few thousand people to seek pleasure in it and we hate the very name. Now, how will you justify your all powerful, eternal Nero, who every day, every moment continues his pastime of killing people? How can you support his doings which surpass those of Genghis Khan in cruelty and in misery inflicted upon people? I ask why the Almighty created this world which is nothing but a living hell, a place of constant and bitter unrest. Why did he create man when he had the power not to do so? Have you any answer to these questions? You will say that it is to reward the sufferer and punish the evildoer in the hereafter. Well, well, how far will you justify a man who first of all inflicts injuries on your body and then applies soft and soothing ointment on them? How far the supporters and organizers of Gladiator bouts were justified in throwing men before half starved lions, later to be cared for and looked after well if they escaped this horrible death. That is why I ask: Was the creation of man intended to derive this kind of pleasure? Open your eyes and see millions of people dying of hunger in slums and huts dirtier than the grim dungeons of prisons; just see the labourers patiently or say apathetically while the rich vampires suck their blood; bring to mind the wastage of human energy that will make a man with a little common sense shiver in horror. Just observe rich nations throwing their surplus produce into the sea instead of distributing it among the needy and deprived. There are palaces of kings built upon the foundations laid with human bones. Let them see all this and say â€Å"All is well in God’s Kingdom.† Why so? This is my question. You are silent. All right. I proceed to my next point. You, the Hindus, would say: Whosoever undergoes sufferings in this life, must have been a sinner in his previous birth. It is tantamount to saying that those who are oppressors now were Godly people then, in their previous births. For this reason alone they hold power in their hands. Let me say it plainly that your ancestors were shrewd people. They were always in search of petty hoaxes to play upon people and snatch from them the power of Reason. Let us analyse how much this argument carries weight! Those who are well versed in the philosophy of Jurisprudence relate three of four justifications for the punishment that is to be inflicted upon a wrong-doer. These are: revenge, reform, and deterrence. The Retribution Theory is now condemned by all the thinkers. Deterrent theory is on the anvil for its flaws. Reformative theory is now widely accepted and considered to be necessary for human progress. It aims at reforming the culprit and converting him into a peace-loving citizen. But what in essence is God’s Punishment even if it is inflicted on a person who has really done some harm? For the sake of argument we agree for a moment that a person committed some crime in his previous birth and God punished him by changing his shape into a cow, cat, tree, or any other animal. You may enumerate the number of these variations in Godly Punishment to be at least eighty-four lack. Tell me, has this tomfoolery, perpetrated in the name of punishment, any reformative effect on human man? How many of them have you met who were donkeys in their previous births for having committed any sin? Absolutely no one of this sort! The so called theory of ‘Puranas’ (transmigration) is nothing but a fairy-tale. I do not have any intention to bring this unutterable trash under discussion. Do you really know the most cursed sin in this world is to be poor? Yes, poverty is a sin; it is a punishment! Cursed be the theoretician, jurist or legislator who proposes such measures as push man into the quagmire of more heinous sins. Did it not occur to your All Knowing God or he could learn the truth only after millions had undergone untold sufferings and hardships? What, according to your theory, is the fate of a person who, by no sin of his own, has been born into a family of low caste people? He is poor so he cannot go to a school. It is his fate to be shunned and hated by those who are born into a high caste. His ignorance, his poverty, and the contempt he receives from others will harden his heart towards society. Supposing that he commits a sin, who shall bear the consequences? God, or he, or the learned people of that society? What is your view about those punishments inflicted on the people who were deliberately kept ignorant by selfish and proud Brahmans? If by chance these poor creatures heard a few words of your sacred books, Vedas, these Brahmans poured melted lead into their ears. If they committed any sin, who was to be held responsible? Who was to bear the brunt? My dear friends, these theories have been coined by the privileged classes. They try to justify the power they have usurped and the riches they have robbed with the help of such theories. Perhaps it was the writer Upton Sinclair who wrote (Bhagat Singh is referring to Sinclair’s pamphlet ‘Profits of Religion’ – MIA transcriber) somewhere â€Å"only make a man firm believer in the immortality of soul, then rob him of all that he possesses. He will willingly help you in the process.† The dirty alliance between religious preachers and possessors of power brought the boon of prisons, gallows, knouts and above all such theories for the mankind. I ask why your Omnipotent God does not hold a man back when he is about to commit a sin or offence. It is child’s play for God. Why did He not kill war lords? Why did He not obliterate the fury of war from their minds? In this way He could have saved humanity of many a great calamity and horror. Why does He not infuse humanistic sentiments into the minds of the Britishers so that they may willingly leave India? I ask why He does not fill the hearts of all capitalist classes with altruistic humanism that prompts them to give up personal possession of the means of production and this will free the whole labouring humanity from the shackles of money. You want to argue the practicability of Socialist theory, I leave it to your Almighty God to enforce it. Common people understand the merits of Socialist theory as far as general welfare is concerned but they oppose it under the pretext that it cannot be implemented. Let the Almighty step in and arrange things in a proper way. No more logic chopping! I tell you that the British rule is not there because God willed it but for the reason that we lack the will and courage to oppose it. Not that they are keeping us under subjugation with the consent of God, but it is with the force of guns and rifles, bombs and bullets, police and militia, and above all because of our apathy that they are successfully committing the most deplorable sin, that is, the exploitation of one nation by another. Where is God? What is He doing? Is He getting a diseased pleasure out of it? A Nero! A Genghis Khan! Down with Him! Now another piece of manufactured logic! You ask me how I will explain the origin of this world and origin of man. Charles Darwin has tried to throw some light on this subject. Study his book. Also, have a look at Sohan Swami’s â€Å"Commonsense.† You will get a satisfactory answer. This topic is concerned with Biology and Natural History. This is a phenomenon of nature. The accidental mixture of different substances in the form of Nebulae gave birth to this earth. When? Study history to know this. The same process caused the evolution of animals and in the long run that of man. Read Darwin’s ‘Origin of Species.’ All the later progress is due to man’s constant conflict with nature and his efforts to utilise nature for his own benefit. This is the briefest sketch of this phenomenon. Your next question will be why a child is born blind or lame even if he was not a sinner in his previous birth. This problem has been explained in a satisfactory manner by biologists as a mere biological phenomenon. According to them the whole burden rests upon the shoulders of parents whose conscious or unconscious deeds caused mutilation of the child prior to his birth. You may thrust yet another question at me, though it is merely childish. The question is: If God does not really exist, why do people come to believe in Him? Brief and concise my answer will be. As they come to believe in ghosts, and evil spirits, so they also evolve a kind of belief in God: the only difference being that God is almost a universal phenomenon and well developed theological philosophy. However, I do disagree with radical philosophy. It attributes His origin to the ingenuity of exploiters who wanted to keep the people under their subjugation by preaching the existence of a Supreme Being; thus claimed an authority and sanction from Him for their privileged position. I do not differ on the essential point that all religions, faiths, theological philosophies, and religious creeds and all other such institutions in the long run become supporters of the tyrannical and exploiting institutions, men and classes. Rebellion against any king has always been a sin in every religion . As regard the origin of God, my thought is that man created God in his imagination when he realized his weaknesses, limitations and shortcomings. In this way he got the courage to face all the trying circumstances and to meet all dangers that might occur in his life and also to restrain his outbursts in prosperity and affluence. God, with his whimsical laws and parental generosity was painted with variegated colours of imagination. He was used as a deterrent factor when his fury and his laws were repeatedly propagated so that man might not become a danger to society. He was the cry of the distressed soul for he was believed to stand as father and mother, sister and brother, brother and friend when in time of distress a man was left alone and helpless. He was Almighty and could do anything. The idea of God is helpful to a man in distress. Society must fight against this belief in God as it fought against idol worship and other narrow conceptions of religion. In this way man will try to stand on his feet. Being realistic, he will have to throw his faith aside and face all adversaries with courage and valour. That is exactly my state of mind. My friends, it is not my vanity; it is my mode of thinking that has made me an atheist. I don’t think that by strengthening my belief in God and by offering prayers to Him every day, (this I consider to be the most degraded act on the part of man) I can bring improvement in my situation, nor can I further deteriorate it. I have read of many atheists facing all troubles boldly, so I am trying to stand like a man with the head high and erect to the last; even on the gallows. Let us see how steadfast I am. One of my friends asked me to pray. When informed of my atheism, he said, â€Å"When your last days come, you will begin to believe.† I said, â€Å"No, dear sir, Never shall it happen. I consider it to be an act of degradation and demoralisation. For such petty selfish motives, I shall never pray.† Reader and friends, is it vanity? If it is, I stand for it.

Children and Television Violence Essay -- Media Violent Children Psych

Children and Television Violence Through what they experience on television, children are forced into adulthood at too young of an age. The innocence of youth is lost when children stare endlessly at a screen displaying the horrors of murder, rape, assault, devastating fire, and other natural disasters. Although these are occurrences in everyday life, things adults have grown accustomed to hearing about, children do not have the maturity level to deal with these tragedies appropriately. Children's behavior changes because they become desensitized to the violence. There are many preventative techniques that can be applied to ensure that negativity on television will not interfere with a child's development.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Children see violent acts on television and make an attempt to process it, and in doing so, their innocence is lost. According to Dr. David Elkind, president emeritus, National Association for the Education of Young Children, ?Television forces children to accommodate a great deal and inhibits the assimilation of material. Consequently, the television child knows a great deal more than he or she can ever understand. This discrepancy between how much information children have and what they can process is the major stress of television.? (160) Children?s minds are not fully developed; therefore, they can not be expected to understand the violence on television.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The media, specifically television, has become more and more violent, in not all too subtle ways, exposing many children to behaviors not appropriate to a young audience. Remember ?the Menendez brothers, who ruthlessly shot their parents as they ate ice cream and watched TV in their family room, planted in children?s minds the worst possibility -- that a parent could die violently at the hands of a child.? (Medved, et. al. 243) Seeing the violence, hearing about it, watching news reports about violent acts committed by real people, especially other children, affects the viewer negatively. Children can not relate to what they see when they are so young, making the act of watching violent television extremely questionable. Children should not know about murder and rape; however according to Gloria Tristani, Commissioner for the Federal Communications Commission, by the time they finish elementary school, children have witnessed 8,000 murders and 100,000 acts of viol ence. (Tristani... ...ing violence on television, parents are helping to eliminate the desensitization that happens from witnessing such wrongdoing. Bibliography Black, Jay, and Jennings Bryant. Introduction to Media Communication. Iowa: Brown, 1995. Eisenstock, Bobbie, PhD., and Cathryn C. Borum. A Parent?s Guide to the TV Ratings and V-Chip.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Washington: Media, 1995. Elkind, David. The Hurried Child. Reading: Addison, 1981. Krcmar, Marina, and Patti M. Valkenburg. ?A Scale to Assess Children?s Moral Interpretations of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Justified and Unjustified Violence and Its Repercussions.? Communication Research Oct.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  1999: 608-635. ?Lock-Out Blocks Media Violence and Provides internet Safety for Your Children.? Lock-Out! n.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  pag. 6 June 2000 . Medved, Diane, PhD., and Michael Medved. Saving Childhood. New York: HarperCollins, 1998. Medved, Michael. Hollywood VS. America. New York: HarperCollins, 1992. Nathanson, Ian. Telephone interview. 6 June 2000. Tristani, Gloria. ?Children and TV Violence Speech.? FCC 11 Feb. 1998: n. pag. 2 June 2002   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  .

Corporate Social Responsibility (Csr): Bangladesh Perspectives Essay

Corporate means formed into an association and endowed by law with the rights and liabilities of an individual. Social responsibility is an ethical ideology or theory that an entity, be it an organization or individual, has an obligation to act to benefit society- at- large. This responsibility can be passive, by avoiding engaging in socially harmful acts, or active, by performing activities that directly advance social goals. To find a universally agreed definition of CSR is difficult if not impossible. Rather than adding to the futile debate on what elements constitute CSR, we choose to focus on the broader principles upheld by CSR. We view CSR as a universal business strategic imperative that can be ‘localized’ to suit organization’s business objectives. It is not a question of ‘one size fits all’. A definition of CSR has come up in Bangladesh as â€Å"a set of business practices based on ethical norms and transparency that contributes to the sustainable development of internal and external stakeholder in the best interest of business, society and environment†. While debate continues regarding elements that define CSR, few can deny that CSR practice improves operational efficiency, increases standards and reliability in the supply chain, and positively affects employee motivation and loyalty which, in turn, leads to greater productivity. Other drivers for companies to engage their stakeholders include the fact that CSR practice strengthens a business’s license to operate. By facilitating services needed in the community in which a company is seeking entry, CSR practice often enables the company to gain popularity with its customer base, which, in turn, leads to increase sales or retention of market share. It is important to note, however, that CSR practice is not exclusively for the large companies; neither is it only for those whose concerns are in the export business. Such prevalent misperceptions need immediate rectification, particularly in Bangladesh, where all businesses, both large and small, can enhance their competitiveness through greater adoption and implementation of CSR. By embracing the values of CSR, the Bangladesh private sector can send a strong signal to the global market that they are discharging their commitments to society. Failing to do so voluntarily inevitably leads to adverse external pressure, often with more strict guidelines and under extremely tight timelines. The Centre will help the private sector be more proactive rather than reactive. CSR practice in Bangladesh is a relatively new phenomenon and is often misperceived as philanthropy or charity. Also, very often, there is a clear lack of integration of CSR with core business strategy. Perhaps the greatest challenge in CSR implementation is the fact that CSR practice is perceived by many as a cost – a threat – rather than as a business opportunity. There is also a lack of quality data and resources to develop a business case for CSR and enable the private sector to relate better by learning from peers. It is these observations and learning that led us to develop the CSR Centre Concept. Through the Centre, we hope to make available better products and tools that will increase awareness on CSR practice benefits, and will also help quantify the intangibles of CSR. By championing CSR under a specialized institutionalized framework, we hope that the CSR Centre will have greater economic impact and value addition that have so far eluded business in Bangladesh. It is very true that few of us have the luxury of committing additional resources to new initiatives. That is where the benefits of CSR come to the fore. CSR is about partnerships and sharing resources, and is not limited to just financial commitments. Partnerships based on equity principles, where businesses can reach out to others with complementary strengths, is a cornerstone of good CSR practice. Through such resource collaborations, businesses can find long term win-win solutions to complex problems, expand their network and find new business opportunities in an increasingly competitive world, and, more importantly, free up resources to concentrate on core competencies. Strategic CSR practices, consistently applied in Bangladesh, will improve the general competitiveness of the private sector vis-à  -vis global competition, as well as develop Bangladesh’s international image as a responsible global manufacturer and service provider. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) as defined by the CSR Centre is a set of business practices based on ethical norms and transparency that contributes to the sustainable development of internal and external stakeholders in the best interest of business , society and the environment. While debate continues regarding elements that define CSR, few can deny that CSR practice improves operational efficiency, increases standards and reliability in the supply chain, and positively affects employee motivation and loyalty which, in turn, leads to greater productivity. Other drivers for companies to engage their stakeholders include the fact that CSR practice strengthens a business’s license to operate. By facilitating services needed in the community in which a company is seeking entry, CSR practice often enables the company to gain popularity with its customer base, which, in turn, leads to increase sales or retention of market share. It is important to note, however, that CSR practice is not exclusively for the large companies; neither is it only for those whose concerns are in the export business. Such prevalent misperceptions need immediate rectification, particularly in Bangladesh, where all businesses, both large and small, can enhance their competitiveness through greater adoption and implementation of CSR. By embracing the values of CSR, the Bangladesh private sector can send a strong signal to the global market that they are discharging their commitments to society. Failing to do so voluntarily inevitably leads to adverse external pressure, often with more strict guidelines and under extremely tight timelines. The Centre will help the private sector be more proactive rather than reactive. CSR practice in Bangladesh is a relatively new phenomenon and is often misperceived as philanthropy or charity. Also, very often, there is a clear lack of integration of CSR with core business strategy. Perhaps the greatest challenge in CSR implementation is the fact that CSR practice is perceived by many as a cost – a threat – rather than as a business opportunity. There is also a lack of quality data and resources to develop a business case for CSR and enable the private sector to relate better by learning from peers. It is these observations and learning that led us to develop the CSR Centre Concept. Through the Centre, we hope to make available better products and tools that will increase awareness on CSR practice benefits, and will also help quantify the intangibles of CSR. By championing CSR under a specialized institutionalized framework, we hope that the CSR Centre will have greater economic impact and value addition that have so far eluded business in Bangladesh. It is very true that few of us have the luxury of committing additional resources to new initiatives. That is where the benefits of CSR come to the fore. CSR is about partnerships and sharing resources, and is not limited to just financial commitments. Partnerships based on equity principles, where businesses can reach out to others with complementary strengths, is a cornerstone of good CSR practice. Through such resource collaborations, businesses can find long term win-win solutions to complex problems, expand their network and find new business opportunities in an increasingly competitive world, and, more importantly, free up resources to concentrate on core competencies. Strategic CSR practices, consistently applied in Bangladesh, will improve the general competitiveness of the private sector vis-à  -vis global competition, as well as develop Bangladesh’s international image as a responsible global manufacturer and service provider. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) when defined at this age of changes world over is a set of business practices based on ethical norms and transparency that contributes to the sustainable development of business and society where environment is being built-in as an essential element. While debate continues regarding elements that define CSR, few can deny that CSR practice improves operational efficiency, increases standards and reliability in the supply chain, and positively affects employee motivation and loyalty, which, in turn, leads to greater productivity. For such reasons the term â€Å"stakeholders† is being redefined to include all the apparent external stakeholders. Because of the inclusion of environment into CSR, even the bottled water businesses are now under threat to abandon the plastic bottles and the petroleum companies are under threat to find out alternative energy sources. For companies to engage all their stakeholders, internal and external include the fact that CSR practice strengthens a business’s license to operate. By facilitating services needed in the community in which a company is seeking entry, CSR practice often enables the company to gain popularity with its customer base, which, in turn, leads to increased sales or retention of market share. Business Executives and leaders are being encountered in Talk Shows as to how they are reinventing their corporate missions to combat climate change, give back to local communities, communicate in an age of Facebook, blogs and they cannot opt for the option to remain unspoken. In Bangladesh, a global food conglomerate Nestle has some operations but zero stakes in bottled water business though this particular company has about 50% share in this particular business in some of the countries of the world. Under their CSR practice in Bangladesh, as it is understood they have drilled a Deep well in Gazipore, Dhaka and built a water storage tank in order to serve the local habitation with water. By providing free water to the surrounding community, from a deep tube well they are virtually laying the foundation of their future bottled water business. Therefore, this free supply by a company is not free in fact. Same Nestle was assailed by environmental activists on Facebook and Twitter globally for business practices that contribute to deforestation; within weeks, Nestle had announced a partnership with an independent non-profit, somewhere in the world to eliminate its dependence on unsustainable forest products. Internet with social media facebook and twitter already revolutionized our social communications not only at local level but also globally for day-to-day changes in a complex reality of urbanization, globalization, commercialization together with reshape-up of regulations world over. In this age of gradually reducing Government stake in businesses world over, businesses are taking up the responsibilities by way of commercialization of public goods. Alongside tap waters, people are taking bottled waters; alongside Ramna Park, people are using Nandan Park; alongside free roads, people are being pursued to get prepared for Toll Roads, instead of partly export oriented units investors are being motivated for setting up cent percent exporting units. Instead of 100% local investments a free flow of factors of productions including both labour and capital (such as inflow and outflow of Foreign Direct Investments) world over is in demand which would gradually help a reduction of dependence upon the systems of Governments. With development of a consumer-base, investors are being motivated to invest in locally marketable products with surplus only to export. Moreover, there is a growing concern over environmental degradation world over endangering human habitation on the earth so the emerging comparative systems of economics and social transformations are incorporating environment as an important element for socio-economic proportion. Bangladesh as well as whole of the deltaic region on the southern side of Himalaya is under a threat due to changing water flows in the down streams of Himalayas caused by increased melting of ice in Himalayas as well as landslide causing movements of billions of tons of silts towards downstream. Tectonic plates in the north and south of Himalayas are in clash at the point in line of Himalayas, which is threatening habitation in entire South Asia, down not only flow of silts and changing flows of water streams, but also series of earthquakes ranging from mild to severe are going to take place. It is not a threat to a particular country like Bangladesh but to the whole region. Therefore, it will have to be addressed in CSR practices. In Bangladesh, the companies are directly, involved in CSR practices alongside independent organizations formed by volunteers who are being aided by the corporate. National budget of Bangladesh of fiscal 2011-12 created provisions for tax-deductible contributions under CSR. Similar provisions exist in countries around the world. CSR activities are always non-partisan around the world to help advancement of holistic and free play of thoughts and actions in a pluralistic social framework. It is important to note, however, that CSR practice is not exclusively for the large companies; neither is it only for those whose concerns are in the export business. Such prevalent misperceptions need immediate adaptation, particularly in Bangladesh, where all businesses, both large and small, can enhance their competitiveness through greater adoption and implementation of CSR. By embracing the values of CSR, the Bangladesh private sector can send a strong signal to the global market that they are discharging their commitments to society. Failing to do so voluntarily inevitably leads to adverse external pressure, often with more strict guidelines and under extremely tight timelines. This is a situation, in which the private sector needs to be more proactive rather than reactive. Particularly in the area of housing/habitation in industrial cluster zones, the CSR should contribute by building high-rise dormitories through trade bodies. This will help strengthening of local Bangladesh Taka in view of the demand for wage-hikes. CSR practice in Bangladesh is a relatively new phenomenon and is prone to frequent misperceptions as philanthropy or charity. In addition, very often, there is a clear lack of integration of CSR with core business strategy. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s case has shown this but others are yet to follow the same. Perhaps the greatest challenge in CSR implementation is the fact that CSR practice is perceived by many as a cost, a sort of threat rather than as a business opportunity. Nestlà ©Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s case as enunciated is a good example of CSR. From which it is clear that CSR does not only implies cost but also lays the foundation of business. There is a lack of quality data and resources to develop a business case for CSR and enable the private sector to relate better by learning from peers. It is necessary for businesses to assimilate data from all over such as the one of Nestle. Global changes in post Washington consensus era are giving the messages of corporate leadership for societal changes as the days of governments, on the points of views are over. It is very true that few of us have the luxury of committing additional resources to new initiatives. That is where the benefits of CSR come to the fore. CSR is about partnerships and sharing resources, and is not limited to just financial commitments. Partnerships based on equity principles, where businesses can reach out to others with complementary strengths, is a cornerstone of good CSR practice. Through such resource collaborations, businesses can find long-term win-win solutions to complex problems expand their network and find new business opportunities in an increasingly competitive world, and, more importantly, free up resources to concentrate on core competencies. Strategically drawn CSR practices, consistently applied in Bangladesh, will improve the general competitiveness of the private sector vis-à  -vis global competition, as well as develop Bangladesh’s international image as a responsible global manufacturer and service provider.

Analysis of Shakespeare Sonnet 60

Like As The Waves Make Towards The Pebbled Shore Time is a common theme throughout Shakespeare's Sonnets, this is most apparent in Sonnet 60. This sonnet is about the ravages of time. How time never stops and is constantly changing. Also how time is aging us, and eventually takes what is has given us. But Shakespeare poetry will stand the test of time: Like as the waues make towards the pibled shore, So do our minuites hasten to their end, Each changing place with that which goes before, In sequent toile all forwards do contend. Natiuity once in the maine of light.Crawles to maturity, wherewith being crown’d, Crooked eclipses gainst his glory fight, And time that gaue, doth now his gift confound. Time doth transfixe the florish set on youth, And delues the paralels in beauties brow, Feedes on the rarities of natures truth, And nothing stands but for his sieth to mow. And yet to times in hope, my verse shall stand Praising thy worth, dispight his cruell hand. Sonnet 60 starts w ith a very relatable illustration of a waves constantly traveling towards the shore. This is like time in that there are minutes constantly, continuing, going to their end.Each minute or wave replacing the one that just happened, in a continuous march. Just like every wave is building in strength and then crashing again only to be followed by another in its place. Time cannot be stopped, one minute is always followed by the next in a never ending cycle. The second quatrain says that a new sun rises and with time it rises to maturity, noon, where the sun is its highest and king of the sky. Then the sun starts to set and now what once gave the sun its glory is now taking that glory back, time. This is a metaphor of a sun having a human life.The sun starts out being born â€Å"Nativity† and then crawls like a baby until it reaches its highest point where it is â€Å"crowned† with maturity. Then the sun continues to fall back to darkness or death. â€Å"And time that gaue , doth now his gift confound† this last line concludes the metaphor with the assertion that time both gives the gift of life and then takes in away. The final quatrain goes on to explain that time destroys the perfection of youth, and carves wrinkles in a beautiful face. â€Å"And delues the paralels in beauties brow. If you replace delues with deludes and beauties brow with our forehead, then you can see that its stating that times makes wrinkles or lines across your forehead. So, time is aging us. Times also feeds on the rarities of natures perfection, and lays waste to all in its path. â€Å"And nothing stands but for his sieth to mow. † Seethe is constantly used as a metaphor for death, this is saying that nothing stands in times way, or deaths. Again the metaphor of time giving you life and then taking it away is expressed in this quatrain, though it being much darker and showing how relentless and unforgiving time can be.This metaphor is also more relatable since it is about us and how time ages us and eventually leads to our death. â€Å"And yet to times in hope, my verse shall stand Praising thy worth, dispight his cruell hand. † These last couple of lines go on to explain that his verses shall stand the test of time, praising your worth in spite of time's cruel hand. These last lines are saying that even as time takes him, makes him old, and eventually even kills him, his poetry will live on, not affected by time's cruel hand. It looks like he was right because over five hundred years later and here we are today still reading and analyzing these works.Time is a very relatable thing, and this sonnet explains time very well. It explains what time is, it's just seconds building on minutes continually going to their end. Time is giving, giving someone life and power, raising that person to their prime. Time is also very cruel, it takes that power and life away from that person. Time is such a simple thing, it's only seconds and then m inutes, but through this sonnet it has been personified to something more, something greater. It is a giver and taker, it is life but is also death, and in the end it is time that takes us.